SUSTAINABLE MINING
What is mining?
Mining: Is the process of obtaining or extracting minerals from the ground or Is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials which form the package of economic interest to the miners.
Mines: Are places where Minerals are obtained or are the places where minerals are extracted.
Minerals: Are substances with constant chemical composition which are formed naturally in the earth’s crust or Is the chemical composition of two or more elements within the earth's crust.
Mining industry: refers to all about activities which involving the undertaking miming activities like minerals extraction, transportaion of minerals, preparing minerals deposits, and so many activities.
Types of Mining industries
1. Surface mining: Extraction of minerals found close to the earth’s surface, e.g corals and limestone.
2. Underground mining: Extraction of minerals found deep in the ground e.g. gold, diamond etc
MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE WORLD
Distribution of mining industry regions in the world, minerals are unevenly distributed in the world. Mining activities are concentrated where minerals deposits are in, some regions are rich in mineral resources e.g. south Africa while others are poor in minerals this is due to geological factors which led to their occurrence.
METHODS OF MINING
1. Open cast mining: It is used to extract minerals which usually occur close to the earth’s surface. It involves removing the top layers of the earth and other overlying materials above the mineral areas. Earth moving machines and bulldozers are used. Electric shovels-to dig up minerals and load it into the lorries or trucks.
It is the cheapest method. Example: Quarrying of lime stone and corals at kunduchi in DSM and Barubuni in Kenya.
2. Alluvial mining: Takes place where minerals occur in alluvial deposits ( materials deposited by water). It involves mixing of alluvial deposits with water.
Then the mixture is rotated until light particles like sand, mud and small stones are crashed off. Then the mineral particles like gold, platinum and diamonds are left behind.
3. Underground (shaft mining): It is used in mining ore that lie deep below the surface of the earth. Vertical shaft is dug up to the layer containing the mineral, and then the tunnel is dug up horizontally to reach the minerals. Hence, the minerals are transported from the tunnels to the base of the shaft from where it is hoisted onto the surface.
TYPES OF MINERALS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINING REGIONS IN THE WORLD
1. Metallic minerals /inorganic: Gold, iron, silver, copper, lead, nickel, cobalt, manganese, tin, aluminium etc.
2. Non – metallic minerals: Salt, potash, nitrate, sulphur, diamond and graphite.
3. Energy mineral: Coal, natural gas and petroleum
Coal: It is found in USA in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and interior states like Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Oklahoma and the gulf province in states like Texas, Alabama. The former USSR in Moscow, Donetsk coal basin and kuanetstk coal basin. Other countries include china, United Kingdom, South Africa, Zimbabwe at wonkie, Zambia, Nigeria, Botswana, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Morocco, Malawi, Sudan and Tanzania [from the Ruhuhu basin, ketewaka- Mchuchuma and Songwe- kiwira].
Gold: It is found in South Africa, Ghana, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, DRC, Uganda and Kenya Salt minerals: It is found in Tanzania along the coast, Uvinza in kigoma and China.
Copper: It is found in Zambia, DRC, Uganda – kilembe, Mauritania, Botswana, Chile, Canada, the former USSR and USA.
Natural gas: It is found in Tanzania at Songosongo Island in Kilwa, Nigeria and Middle East.
Diamond: This is found in Tanzania [Mwadui shinyanga], South Africa, DRC, Namibia and sierra Leone and guinea.
Phosphate: It is found in Tororo –Uganda and Morocco at khourigba, youssonta and ben gueri within the maseta.
Rouxite: It is the ore of aluminum. It is located in guinea, Ghana and Cameroon.
Iron ore: It is in German, Sweden, USA, and china, Brazil, Australia, France, UK, Liberia, Mauritania, Zimbabwe, Gabon, Algeria, Angola and South Africa.
IMPORTANCE OF MINING INDUSTRY TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Mining: Is the process of obtaining or extracting minerals from the ground or Is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials which form the package of economic interest to the miners. Normally mining industry has the great influence to the economic development of Tanzania due to the following importance:-
1. It encourage the development of industries in the country: for example steel cutting industry, coal has led to the development of heavy industries in china, USA and chemical industries.
2. It provide foreign exchange to the given country: Mining contributes to the earning of foreign currency in the country for example copper in Zambia, gold in South Africa, oil in Nigeria, Libya, Algeria and Middle East and Kuwait.
3. It generate employement opportunities: Mining industry provides employment opportunities to the people i.e. in Zambia copper mining employs a lot of people also many people are employed in the gold mining areas in south Africa [ in rand mining areas).
4. It ecourage the developmentbof infrastructures: Mining stimulates the development of transport and communication of other economic systems in any country for example in South Africa mining led to the development of a dense network of roads and railway lines in the eastern part.
5. It encourages the development of other economic sectors: since it generates capital for the country, for example mining in china has led to heavy investment in agricultural machinery.
6. It encourage the improvement of international relations: Mining industry also leads to the improvement in the international relations through forming international organizations for the countries which deals with mining and exporting certain types of minerals for example Nigeria is the member of OPEC to the oil mining industry.
7. It stimulate urbanization: Mining leads to the development of towns and large cities like the industrial conurbation of rand in South Africa. Conurbation is the large zone formed as a result of the combination of many towns into one zone. Example Arusha in Tanzania.
8. Diversification of economy: Also mining leads to the diversification of the economy of the country so that the country cannot depend on one source of revenue or income.
9. It stimulates construction activities: Mining has stimulated the construction activity especially in the supply of corrugated iron sheets for roofing the buildings etc.
10. It provides energy supply: also minerals supply some energy since some minerals are energy reserve like coal, petroleum, uranium and natural gas.
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING INDUSTRY TO ANY COUNTRY
1. Availability of enough capital: enough capital to be invested in the mining industry like buying the machinery. Lack of enough capital, the mining industry develop slowly.
2. Availability of cheap transport system: If the transport system is efficient mining develops fast but if the transport is poor then mining does not develop fast.
3. Availability of enough skilled labour: Is another factor that contributes to the development of the mining sector, for mining to develop fast there should be readily available labour but if labour is unavailable then mining becomes poor.
4. Availability of reliable markets: There should be availability of both internal and external markets for the produced minerals. Normally mining industry grows fast if there is good and well guaranteed markets.
5. Availability of reliable water supply: This also leads to the fast development of the mining industry if the supply of water is reliable. But the situation is different when the supply of water is poor. Water is needed for cooling the engines of the machines and cleaning the minerals.
6. Good government policy: If the policy is supportive the mining industry develops fast but if the government policy is non supportive then the mining industry develops slowly.
7. Availability of good deposits: If the deposits are large and valuable mining takes place fast. But if the deposits are small and poor valuable mining take place slowly.
8. Presence of advanced technology: Normally advanced technology help to facilitate the extraction of minerals in a efgiciy way by using modern tools.
PROBLEMS FACING MINING INDUSTRY IN AFRICA
1. Over exploitation of minerals: Decline or exhaustion of mineral deposits because of over exploitation like coal, copper in Zambia and some parts of USA and south Africa.
2. Shortage of skilled labour: Poor number of skilled labour in the developing countries like Tanzania this has led to poor exploration and low yield. i.e low quality and quantity minerals.
3. Shortage good mineral deposits: Some countries lack important mineral deposits like Japan and Norway, in some countries the available mineral deposits are of poor quality like coal in Tanzania.
5. Lack of enough capital: Poor capital in the developing countries has led to the decline in the mining sector.
6. Poor transportation systems: especially in the developing countries has led to the poor mining activity some parts of central Tanzania have poor roads which are impassable during the wet season.
7. Stiff Competition with other economic sectors: for water supply is a problem for example in south Africa water is scarce and the available is competed for by agricultural sector, mining and manufacturing industry.
8. Shortage of power supply: There is a severe problem of constant power supply. This affects the mining industry.
9. Political instability: litical problems especially civil wars lead to the poor mining development caused by labour unrest.
10. Shortage of reliable markets: There are problems of local market especially in the developing world. There is also a problem of price fluctuation in the world market which affects the development of the mining industry in many countries in the world.
WAYS TO IMPROVE MINING INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA (AFRICA)
1. To invest enough capital.
2. To improve good infrastructure.
3. To ensure availability of reliable markets.
4. To ensure good government support.
5. To enhance good political atmosphere.
6. To improve science and technology.
7. To train more skilled labour.
IMPACTS/PROBLEMS CAUSED BY MINING INDUSTSTRY TO THE GIVEN COUNTRY
1. Mining leads to environmental degradation: Like land degradation, soil pollution, water pollution and deforestation.
2. It encourage population pressure: It attracts people causing high population pressure in the mining centers which in turn causes many social and economic problems like poor housing, unemployment, shortage of land for other activities and sometimes food shortage.
3. It can cause death of people: Mining leads to the death of people due to accidents caused by the collapse of mines.
4. Decline of other economic sectors: Mining causes the decline of the economic sectors especially agriculture many people rush to the mining centers to labour supply.
5. It contributes to the occurance of conflicts: Mining industry has also led to the occurrence of conflicts like wars which are taking place in the DRC and the Gulf war of 1990s was due to mineral resource that is oil.
6. It contributes to the spread of diseases: Spread of diseases due to high population pressure in mining centres.
7. It can led to raise of prices of some goods: mining industry can cause the price of some goods like foods, tools, to be at very high cost.
8. Source of moral decay: due to the fact that mining cativities involve people from different place hence can demoralize the moral value of an given area. Example prostitution.
9. Increase in crimes: This include theft, robbery and raping.
EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF MINING INDUSTRY TO THE ENVIRONMENT
1. It led to environmental pollution: Mining leads to environmental pollution Like water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution and noise pollution.
2. It contribute to destruction of natural landscapes: Mining causes land dereliction (abandoning of exhausted land) This destroys the nature of the landscape and leads to mineral resource exhaustion.
3. It contribute to deforestation: as a result of clearing of vegetation so as to establish the mining centres and settlement.
4. It accelerate soil erosion: The size of the land is reduced and the soil structure and texture are destroyed because of the mixture with rock fragments and hence plant growth can not take place easily.
5. It contributes to loss of biodiversity: Mining leads to the disappearance of valuable plant species. i.e loss of biodiversity.
6. It increase green house gases in the atmosphere: Green house effect and global warming can occur as a result of the used energy generating minerals like coal, uranium etc these produce gases like carbon dioxide which pollute the atmosphere.
7. It create natural habitats for nagerous insects: The pits which are flooded with water act as mosquito breeding places and hence accelerate the spread of malaria.
WAYS TO MINIMIZE THE ENVIRONMENAL PROBLEMS CAUSEX BY MINING
1. Improving the methods of mineral extraction: The use of modern tools in mineral extraction will reduce the rate of negative impacts to the environment.
2. To ensure population control: Reducing the population pressure.
3. To practice land reclamation: Reclaiming the areas which have been affected by mining like planting the trees.
4. Developing other sources of energy: rather than depending on energy resources from the ground.
5. Establishing other economic: activities like fishing, tourism and market gardening instead of depending on mining only.
6. To ensure sustainable mining: this will consider the undertaking of miniy activities by respecting the natural environment.
A. COAL MINING IN USA
USA is the leading producer of coal in the world and accounts for 24% of the world’s total production. The major coal fields include:-
i. The eastern province which is the most productive in which there are states like Kentucky, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio
ii. The interior that include the states like L.Hunan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma and Kansas.
iii. The gulf province that includes the states like Texas, Alabama and Arkansas
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COAL MINING IN USA
1. Presence of large deposits: in many parts of USA has dominated by large coal mineral deposits which encourage coal mining.
2. Availability of advanced technology: Advanced technology used in the mining activity. The use of machines.
3. Availability of reliable markets: Good market within and out of the USA due to the presence of iron and steel industries.
4. Presence of cheap transportation system: Well developed transport system facilitate the transport of coal minerals to the markets.
5. Availability of enough invested capital: Capital availability since the country is very rich.
6. Good government support: the government of USA support well the development of coal mining by finding markets and promoting good policy.
7. High need for energy resources: this is on other factor which has stimulated the development of CIA mining in USA since coal minerals were highly needed as source of energy for different purpose.
8. High demanding for iron and stell industries: coal minerals were much needed in USA for the aim of improving iron and steel industries.
IMPORTANCE OF COAL MINING IN USA
1. Development of industries: It has stimulated the development of industries due to the availability of raw materials and power source.
2. It has led to the development of the transport system: especially the railway lines.
3. It has generated many employment opportunities.
4. Development of iron mining: It has stimulated the development of the iron mining sector.
5. It has made the country to be well known worldwide.
6. It has improved construction activities in the country.
7. It has provided more foreign currencies in the country.
8. It has raised national income.
DISADVANTAGES OF COAL MINING IN USA
1. Environmental destruction: It has led to the creation of pits in the ground leading to the formation of ugly landscape.
2. Coal has contributed to the environmental pollution: like air, water and noise pollution.
3. It cause loss of biodiversity.
4. Reduction of size of arable land: It has led to the reduction in the size of the arable land.
5. Coal is a non renewable resource: hence it gets exhausted when exploited.
B. OIL PRODUCTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Middle Eastern countries together produce over of the world’s petroleum [oil]. The major producers being Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and U.A.E. Others are Oman, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. The oil extraction in the middle east to a large extent is extracted by foreign companies of Europeans and USA companies and only small individual local people in the middle east.
FACTORS DEVELOPMENT OF OIL EXTRACTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
1. Availability large deposits: The Middle East has a very huge deposit of oil.
2. Easier availability of oil in the Middle East: Most of the oil is obtained from underground, only a small percentage obtained from under sea.
3. The oil can be easily exported (transported). Most of the Middle East fields are located around Persian Gulf (easy to export).
4. Absence of another main economic sectors: Oil drilling is the only economic activity in the Middle East.
5. Availability of reliable markets: both internal and external markets.
6. Presence of advanced technology: the oil extraction in the middle east is extracted by foreign companies with highly developed morden equipment from Europe and USA.
7. Availability of good transportation systems: this include both land, air and water transport.
IMPORTANCE OF OIL EXTRACTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
1. Development of industries: It has stimulated the development of industries due to the availability of power source.
2. It has led to the development of the transport system: especially the railway lines.
3. It has generated many employment opportunities.
4. It has made the region to be well known worldwide for oil extraction.
5. It has improved construction activities in the country.
6. It has provided more foreign currencies in the country.
7. It has raised national income.
8. Improvement of living standards.
PROBLEMS FACED OIL EXTRATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
1. Low level of science and technology: There has been technological backwardness in
many countries combined with small populations and lack of local capital. This forced the international companies to involve themselves in the oil exploitation.
2. Shortage of labour supply: Labour unrest due to frequent conflicts that take place in the Middle East like the gulf war.
3. Political instability: These conflicts have made the oil mining industry become insecure also there are frequent disputes which complicates oil mining because of these issues/conflicts.
4. Poor transport systems: especially from the production areas to refining ports.
5. Reduction of oil reserves: as it is non renewable resources i.e. it is decreasing day after day.
6. Over exploitation of oil deposits has created the shortage of oil deposits.
C. DIAMOND MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa is the third world producer of diamond, the first is DRC and the second is the former USSR. Others are Botswana, Ghana, and Sierra Leone etc. Diamond is the hardest mineral. In South Africa mining began in 1871 at Kimberly.
The methods involved in the mining process are placer method for alluvial diamond and shaft method for the diamond found in the deep ground. Diamond is used for making jewels, manufacturing the drilling bits, making cutting instruments like for cutting glass, diamond dust for polish. Places or areas where diamond is produced in South Africa are;
i. Kimberly cape province
ii. Transvaal
iii. Orange free states(Pretoria)
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAMOND MINING IN DOUTH AFRICA
1. Presence of large deposits: in many parts of south Africa has dominated by large diamond mineral deposits which encourage diamond mining. Example: Kimberly cape province, Transvaal, Port mus Burg, Orange free states (Pretoria).
2. Availability of advanced technology: Advanced technology used in the mining activity. The use of machines.
3. Availability of reliable markets: Good market within and out of the USA due to the presence of iron and steel industries.
4. Presence of cheap transportation system: Well developed transport system facilitate the transport of coal minerals to the markets.
5. Availablity of enough invested capital: Capital availability since the country is very rich.
6. Good government support: the government of south Africa support well the development of coal mining by finding markets and promoting good policy.
7. Good political atmosphere: south Africa is dominated by peaceful political stability which attract many people to undertake mining activities.
IMPORTANCE OF DIAMOND MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA
1. Development of industries: It has stimulated the development of industries due to the availability of raw materials.
2. It has led to the development of the transport system: especially the railway lines.
3. It has generated many employment opportunities.
4. Development of social services.
5. It has made the country to be well known worldwide.
6. It has improved construction activities in the country.
7. It has provided more foreign currencies in the country.
8. It has increased the national income from its sales.
9. It has led to the development of towns and cities e.g. Pretoria.
PROBLEMS FACINF DIAMOND MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA
1. Price fluctuation in the world market which causes low profit making.
2. Labour unrest, no peace, misunderstanding among blacks and whites.
3. Shortage of food among workers caused by overpopulation around mining centers.
4. Stiff competition from other countries.
5. Strong opposition from the environmentalists.
6. Commpetion from other economic sectors like agriculture and tourism.
D. IRON MINING IN LIBERIA
Liberia is well endowed with large resources of Iron ore. Liberia is the leading producer of Iron ore in Africa. Iron mining is very important to the economy of Liberia. The areas with mineral deposits include Walogosi Mt. ranges in Western Liberia, Bomi hills, Bong Mountains, Nimber Mountains ranges and Bio mountain ranges. Open cast method is widely used.
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRON MINING IN LIBERIA
1. Availability of iron ore both high grade and low grade.
2. Development of the railway to Bomi hills from Monrovia.
3. Availability of enough skilled labour: Labour availability since west Africa has high population.
4. Availability of advanced technology: Advanced technology used in the mining activity. The use of machines.
5. Availability of reliable markets: Good market within and out of the USA due to the presence of iron and steel industries.
6. Presence of cheap transportation system: Well developed transport system facilitate the transport of coal minerals to the markets.
7. Availablity of enough invested capital: Capital availability since the country is very rich.
8. Good government support: the government of south Africa support well the development of coal mining by finding markets and promoting good policy.
ADVANTAGE/IMPORTANCE OF IRON MINING IN LIBERIA
1. It has provided foreign exchange.
2. It has contributed to the development of industries especially steel industry and Buchanan.
3. It has encouraged the development of towns.
4. The mining industry has stimulated the development of social services like schools, roads, hospitals, shops and police stations.
5. It has led to the improvement of the port facilities such as Buchanan.
6. Iron mines have provided market for the locally produced food stuffs.
7. It has stimulated the development of infrastructure like the railway system etc.
8. Employment opportunities to the people.
PROBLEM FACING IRON MINING IN LIBERIA
1. Competition from other countries like south Africa which produce iron.
2. There is exhaustion of deposits in the mining areas.
3. Poor transport from other west African countries.
4. The deposits are scattered.
5. Civil war between the government and rebels.
E. IRON MINING IN SWEDEN
Sweden is endowed with iron minerals. It is among the Scandinavian countries. Areas where iron mining takes place include places around koruna and other mining centers at Gullivane and Suapavaara.
FACTOS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRON MINING IN SWEDEN
1. Availability of cheap transportation systems: The development of the railway stimulates the iron mining industry.
2. Availability of reliable markets: High market in Europe due to the developed industry especially in Germany.
3. Availability of power supply: Power supply from the great hydroelectric power at Porjus etc.
4. Availability of advanced technology: Advanced technology used in the mining activity like the use of machines.
5. Good government support: the government of Sweden support well the development of iron mining by finding markets and promoting good policy.
6. Availability of wstet suplly: Constant water supply needed in the cooling of engines and cleaning.
7. Good government stability: has encouraged the mining industry, this is because labour is under high security.
8. Availability of high grade iron deposits
IMPORTANCE OF IRON MINING IN SWEDEN
1. Creation of employment opportunities.
2. It has stimulated the development of transport and communication.
3. It has led to the development of heavy industries including steel and iron industry as well as car and ship building industry Volvo and Scania cars are produced in Sweden.
4. It has promoted agriculture, forestry and tourism.
5. International trade has expanded.
6. Growth of towns and cities: Towns have developed due to the contribution of iron ore mining.
7. Improvement social services have improved to a great extent.
PROBLEMS FACING IRON MINING INDUSTRY IN SWEDEN
1. Formation of ice in winter at the Luck port complicated the transportation. To solve this problem another link was formed to ice free port at Narvik.
2. Exhaustion of some iron deposits due to excessive extraction.
3. Stiff challenge from the environmentalists who are against the current trend of fast industrial development.
4. Stiff competition from others countries in the markets.
5. Competition from other economic sectors like agriculture and tourism.
F. NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA
Natural gas: Is the product of fossilized organic matters. Normally natural gas it can be used for various ways like for domestic and commercial purpose. Tanzania natural gas is extracted at Songosongo in Kilwa within the Lindi region. Natural gas deposits in Tanzania have been discovered in 1975.
IMPORTANCE OF EXTRACTION OF NATURlAL GAS FROM SONGOSONGO
1. It has provided alternative source of energy: This will lead to the reduction of over dependence on gas from outside.
2. It will stimulate the development of some iron and steel industries: by using the available iron deposits in Tanzania as well as scope iron materials.
3. It contributes to the promotion of environmental conservation: since natural gas is clean and environmentally friendly.
4. It generates employment opportunities in the country: so as to solve the problem of unemployment for example some people are now employed to dig traces and lay down the pipe lines and construction of other important structures.
5. It improves people's living standards: The standard of living among the people will raise due to the provision of efficient sources of energy.
6. It can stimulate exploitation of other resources: like petroleum which is expected to be present at Songosongo.
7. It provide foreign exchange in the country: t can stimulate the gain of foreign currency through selling it abroad.
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES FACING NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION IN TANZANIA
1. Shortage of skilled labour: Poor number of skilled labour in the developing countries like Tanzania this has led to poor exploration and low yield. i.e low quality and quantity minerals.
2. Shortage good mineral deposits: Some countries lack important mineral deposits like Japan and Norway, in some countries the available mineral deposits are of poor quality like coal in Tanzania.
3. Lack of enough capital: Poor capital in the developing countries has led to the decline in the mining sector.
4. Poor transportation systems: especially in the developing countries has led to the poor mining activity some parts of central Tanzania have poor roads which are impassable during the wet season.
5. Stiff Competition with other economic sectors: for water supply is a problem for example in south Africa water is scarce and the available is competed for by agricultural sector, mining and manufacturing industry.
6. Shortage of power supply: There is a severe problem of constant power supply. This affects the mining industry.
7. Political instability: litical problems especially civil wars lead to the poor mining development caused by labour unrest.
9. Shortage of reliable markets: There are problems of local market especially in the developing world. There is also a problem of price fluctuation in the world market which affects the development of the mining industry in many countries in the world.
WAYS TO IMPROVE MINING INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA
1. To invest enough capital: This will helps in paying labourers and buying for modern equipment.
2. To improve good infrastructure: This will help and simplifying the transport of gas products in the markets.
3. To ensure availability of reliable markets: There should be research on finding both international and external reliable markets.
4. To ensure good government support: The government should support the production of natural gas by finding markets.
5. To enhance good political atmosphere: the political stability should be improved and maintained so as to encourage effective exploitation of natura gas.
6. To improve science and technology: this will raise the production of products with high quality and moreover technology will reduce the cost of production.
7. To train more skilled labour: the man powers should be well trained on to produce of quality natural gas products.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS/DISADVANTAGES OF PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS AT SONGOSONGO
1. It has made some people to loss their settlements.
2. It risk to the people's lives.
3. Decline of other economic sectors like agriculture.
4. Source of social conflicts.
5. Source child labour.
6. It cause loss of biodiversity.
7. It cause deforestation.
