3. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT
Environment: Is the total surroundings of human being which
include things like Land, water bodies, atmosphere (air), mountains, hills,
buildings, roads, etc.
Technology: Is the scientific knowledge used by man to
design and make tools.
Development: Refer to the gradually progressive changes from
low stage to high stage of living standards.
HANDCRAFT INDUSTRIES AND MINING IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA
Industries: Is the place where raw materials are changed
into finished goods eg cotton- cloth, etc.
Handcraft industries: These are industries which depends
from man's hands and skills to produce goods and services.
TYPES PRE-COLONIAL AFRICAN HANDCRAFT INDUSTRIES
i. Salt making
industries
ii. Iron
working
iii. Mining
industries (Copper mining, Gold mining) etc.
iv. Pottery
making industries.
v. Spinning and
weaving industries vi Cloth making industries.
vii. Canoe
making industries 1. Salt making industries
METHODS OF OBTAINING SALT
1. From
different reeds: Reeds were collected, dried and burned, the ashes would be
filtered while the ashes remain liquid would be evaporated and residue would be
used as salt.
Places: Near Lake Victoria, Kyoga, and Albert, among Baganda
and Bahaya tribes and among Mang’anja people near shores of Lake Nyasa.
2. Boiling and
evaporating method: Sea or ocean water put into pans and left to evaporate, the
salt crystals would be collected and used as salt. Places: Around coastal areas.
3.Salt mining: Salt was mined under Neath rocks.
Places: At Taghaza, Bilma around lake Chad in western Sudan.
Near lake Bangwela and river Luapala in central Africa.
4. Boiling
spring Water by fire: Spring water containing salt was boiled and finally salt
was obtained.
Places: in Uvinza
salt spring along river malagarasi in central Africa.
USES OF SALT
i. It is used
for adding flavour taste for the food in the kitchen.
ii. It is used for preservation of food like fish and meat.
iii. Salt is
used as an ingredient in cookery.
iv. It is used
as medicine i.e. on freshly cut wounds
v. It was used
as a medium of exchange (trade exchange).
vi. Animal
hides were cured using salt before used to make cloth. In Egypt salt was used
to preserve a dead body. (mummification)
Example of salt sites in Africa
In East Africa: -
i. Lake
Victoria.
ii. Lake Kyoga.
iii. Lake
Albert.
iv. Lake Nyasa.
v. Uvinza
around lake Tanganyika in Kigoma.
In west and central Africa: -
i. Taghaza.
ii. Bilma
around lake Chad in western Sudan.
iii. Near lake Bangwela.
iv. River
Luapala in central Africa.
2. IRON
WORKING INDUSTRY
Ingots: are those activities which deal with iron working
industries. Blacksmith: are those people who deal wth iron working industries.
By the beginning of the 19th century, most of the African
societies were able to produce their own iron. The famous blacksmith in Africa
was able to produce their own iron. In Tanzania there were iron deposits in
Itewe near chunya, liganga, and Uluguru Mountains. Nubian of Sudan along the
river Nile.
i. People along
Futa djalon and Niger river in West Africa.
ii. The
Mang’anja people of Malawi.
iii. The Venda
people of northern Transvaal.
iv. The Mashona of Zimbabwe.
v. There were also deposits in Algeria, Tunisia, morocco, Liberia, Sieraleone Angola, and Zimbabwe.
In Ethiopia blacksmiths were not allowed to inherit land or
even to inter marry with other people.
Uses of iron
i. Iron was
used to make agricultural tools.
ii. iron was
used to make weapons E.g spears, swords etc
iii. Iron was a
medium of paying bride price E.g the Sukuma in the northern west Tanganyika.
iv. Iron was
used as a symbol of wealth.
v. Iron was
used as trade commodity E.g. Maasai exchanged cattle for iron weapons from the
pare and the Kikuyu.
3. COPPER
MINING INDUSTRIES
The production and use of copper In pre- colonial Africa was
wide spread. Pure copper from the earth’s surface. By 300 BC, The Egyptians
were already producing copper. Ibo and Yoruba in Nigeria. Central Kafua River
and the Gwai River in Zambia. South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo
formerly known as Zaire.
Copper sites in Africa
i. Egypt.
ii. Katanga in
Zaire.
iii. South
Africa.
iv. Nigeria.
v. The central
Kafua river and Gwai river in Zambia.
Uses of cooper
i. It is used
to make ornaments such as bangles and earnings for example Ndebele women wore
cooper and brass neckless, rings as a symbol of representing their husband’s
wealth.
ii. Used to
make pots, pans and other utensils.
iii. Used to
make weapons such as daggers and knives.
iv. Bars of
copper were used as a medium of exchange and measure of value.
v. Copper was
used as trade commodity.
4. GOLD MINING INDUSTRIES
Gold was one among the 1st metals to be used in Africa. It
was easy to find gold near the earth’s surface. In most parts of Africa, gold
was found in the river bed, gold was obtained
by washing gold bearing rocks for example river sabi and river Zambezi. in
Ashanti and Gyain in Ghana and Meroe in Sudan.
Uses of gold
i. It is used
to make various types of ornaments for example rings, earrings, necklace and
bracelets (made funery masks for the pharaohs in Egypt).
ii. Gold used
to make weapons for example knives, handles especially for important rulers.
iii. Gold was
used in making utensils such as plates, cups and spoons for the rich.
iv. In Egypt
gold was used to make coins.
v. Gold was
trade commodity. E.g in East Africa the town of kilwa became prosperous due to
gold trade.
v. Gold was used as a currency as well as measure of wealth.
5. POTTERY
MAKING
Pottery was practiced in areas where there was clay soil.
Famous people where, Akamba, kisii, Batwa, Gisu and Pare.
Advantage of pottery
i. Enables
people to make containers for cooking food.
ii. Produced
containers for storing water, milk, beer and grains.
iii. Used as
trade commodity. E.g Maassai exchanged cattle for pottery
iv. Pottery
were used for serving food at homes.
6. WEAVING
AND BASKETRY INDUSTRY
Some people were skilled in making various items by weaving. The required raw materials included grasses, leaves and fibers. Example societies East Africa engaged in weaving were, Lou were experts in basketry and Nyakyusa were experts in making mats.
Advantages/ uses of weaving and basketry
i. It provided building materials.
ii. They used
as beds and mats.
iii. They
provided trade commodities.
iv. They provided containers for carrying loads. for example, Kikuyu and Kamba (Kenyans).
v. They used
for storing iterms
7. CLOTH MAKING INDUSTRY
Textile production: is the making of cloth from different
materials. Bark cloth was made from tree barks among the Nyakyusa, Buhaya and
Buganda. Silk production was mainly in Nigeria and Madagascar. Wool obtained
from sheep, goat, and camel. Cotton was mainly grown by the Yoruba in Nigeria
and in Guinea. A among the Fipa, items were made textile including prepared
blankets, carpets and clothes.
AGRICULTURE DEVEOPNENT IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA
Agriculture: Is
the domestication of animal and crops cultuvation. Agriculture began over 10000
years ago. In Africa agriculture began in the Nile valley in Egypt around 7000
B.CFactors that contributed to the emergence of agriculture during the
pre-colonial Africa
1. Existence of
plants and animals’ varieties: This has enabled a man to choose for them and
keep under his care.
2. Population
increase: Natural environment could not provide adequate food.
3. Climate
changes: This caused by occurrence
of drought.
4. Shortage of
food: This was caused by climate cjange which was diminished foods from the
forests to both humans and the animals.
5. Emergence of
Trade: Demanding for trading goods has necessitated the beginning of
agriculture.
6. Development
of productive forces: after the discovery of iron technology has necessitated
the improvement of working tools which resulted in to emergence of agriculture.
Types of pre-colonial African agriculture
There were mainly three types of agriculture practiced in
ancient Africa:
i. Pastoralism
ii. Crop
cultivation
iii. Mixed
farming
1. Crop cultivation: It based on grown various types of crops.
Types of crop cultivation
Crop cultivation was divided into two
i. Shifting cultivation
ii. Permanent
cultivation
i. Shifting
cultivation: This is the farming system where by the farmer moving from one
place to another place. For example, about three years, then the farmers would
shift their farming activities to a new area.
i. Permanent
crop cultivation: was the farming system whereby the farmer stay within the
same piece of land permanent. It was practiced in regions with dense
population.
Examples of areas
where permanent cultivation was practiced include: -
i. Egyptian
along the Nile valley.
ii. Cambrai
region in the north eastern Togo.
iii. Among the
Chaggas on the slopes of mountain Kilimanjaro.
iv. The Lozi of
Zambia.
v. The Kamba of Kenya Slopes of mountain Meru.
vi. Southern
highland of Tanzania.
vii. Central
Kenyan highland,
viii. Indian Ocean coastaline.
ix. North west
of Lake Victoria.
2. Mixed
farming: This was tha farming system where by crop cultuvation and animal
keeping was practiced within the same land.
i. The crops
grown were such as, Sorgham, Maize, Cassava, Beans, Millet.ii. Animals kept
were, Goats, Donkey, Cattles, Horses, Sheeps. This kind of agriculture was
common among the Waha, Nyamwezi, Fipa, Hehe, Kikuyu etc
3. PASTORALISM
Pastoralism: is the farming system which based on keeping
livestock such as cattle, sheep, camels and goats.
Examples of pastrolists in Africa are:
1. The Fulani
of west Africa.
2. The Gaua and
Somali of North-East Africa.
3. Maasai of
East Africa.
4. Barabaig,
Karamajong of East Africa.
5. Khoikhoi in
S. Africa.
Types of pastoralism
There are two types of pastoralism
i. Nomadic
pastoralism
ii. Sedentary
pastoralism
1. Nomadic pastoralisim: Is the type of pastoralism whereby the farmers move seasonally with their livestock in search of water and pastures.
Examples of nomadic pastoralists
i. Tourane’
ii. The Fulani
iii. The
Barbeigr
iv. The Omomo
v. The
karamajong
vi. The maasai.
2. Sedentary
pastoralism: Is the farming system whereby the pastoralist stay at one
permanent place. In this system pastoralist does not move from place to another
place.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE TO MAN DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL
ERA/PERIOD
1. It has led to the production of food in these societies.
2. It has led to the establishment of permanent settlement.
3. It has contributed to the development social and political organizations.
4. It has led to the expansion of trade activities.
5. It contributed to the specialization in work.
6. Improvement of science and technology.
7. It has
contributed to population increase.
THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE IN PRE COLONIAL AFRICA
Nirmally agriculture contributed to the emergence of Trade
in Africa during the pre colonial period through the following ways:-
1. Population increase: Agriculture led to an increase of population due to the improvement of food supply in most communities. Moreover agriculture contributed to immigration of people from different places. Therefore population increase created reliable markets for the trade goods that were produced and resulted in to the development of trade.
2. Emergence
of centralized states: Agriculture resulted in to the emergence and development
of centralized political states in pre colonial Africa as the result of
population increase. The centralized political system played an important role
to the peace and stability in the trade routes. For instance, in the East and
Central Africa Long Distance Trade, Mirambo (Nyamwezi), Kabaka (Buganda) and
Nyungu ya Mawe (Ukimbu) were named as professional traders who dominated the
central route.
3. Growth of
trade centres: Some tradinv centres were emerged especially to those societies
practiced permanent agriculture. For instance, in East Africa, permanent crop
cultivation was practiced by Buganda, Chwezi, Chagga, Pare, and Haya.
Threrefore these areas become markets for various trade items.
4. Emergence
of transportation means: Normally Agriculture in pre colonial Africa provided
transport facilities which facilitated trading activities due to the
domestication of some animals like horses, camels and donkeys. These animals
helped the transportation of various trade goods as they could move over long
distances and they could also carry large cargo. For instance, the introduction
of Camels around 1000AD in Northern Africa enabled the Northern traders to
cross the Saharan desert to West Africa for trade purposes during the
Tran-Saharan trade.
5. Establishment
of permanent settlements: Agriculture in pre colonial era contributed to the
emergence permanent settlement among the societies hence this situation
encouraged the emergence of trading centres and centralized political
organization.
6. Emergence
of division of labour and specialization: Agriculture in pre colonial Africa
has led to emergence of specialization where by people engaged in to different
activities. Some societies became iron smelters, pastoralists, traders, crops
producers. For instance, iron smelters produced farm implements like hoes which
were needed by crop cultivators.
7. It contributed to the availability of trading items: Normally agriculture contributed to the availability of different commodities like crops, eggs, milk and livestock which resulted in to the development of trade.
TRADE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA
Trade is the process of buying and selling of goods and
services between people. There was need to trade in order to get all things
needed by the communities. Trade tends to develop in any society where there is
surplus production.
METHODS OF PRE-COLONIAL TRADE
1. Barter
trade: is the kind of trade which exchanged goods for goods, for example of
pots were exchange for goats.
2. A
currency method: was the trade conducted by money is used. In pre-colonial
Africa iron, hoes, rolls of cloth, copper rods, salt and gold were used as
money.
TYPES OF PRE-COLONIAL TRADE
1. LOCAL TRADE
local trade: Refers to the kind of trade which was conducted
within the same geographical area. In local trade goods are exchanged between
people living in the same geographical area, such as a town or village. Local
trade was not for profit making but just to obtain essential goods. E.g
pastoral communities like the Maasai needed vegetables and grains from
cultivators like the Nyakyusa and the Chaga.
IMPACTS OF LOCAL TRADE
1. It created unity among people within the same area.
2. It created availabilty of goods.
3. Improvement trade routes.
4. Development along the trade routes.
5. Expansion of production.
6. Development
of technology.
2. REGIONAL TRADE
Regional trade: refers to trade conducted from one region to
another (Trade conducted between two different geographical regions). Regional
trade in the pre-colonial Africa took place in 19th century. Regional trade
involved a wider variety of goods compared to local trade. However regional
trade it was not for profit making but meeting some essential goods.
For example regional trade were:
i. Trans Sahara trade in W. Africa
ii. Long distance trade in East Africa.
iii. Regional
trade in central Africa.
Impacts/ effects of regional trade
Positive consequences/impacts
1. Accumulation of wealth among traders. e.g. Mirambo and Isike.
2. It leads to the availability of new commodities e.g. guns, clothes, beads, ivory, etc.
3. It leads
to the development of trade centers such as Saadans, Pangani, Bagamoyo, Tabora,
Ujiji, Voi, and Taveta.
4. It leads to development of trade routes.
5. It leads to the emergence powerful Kingdoms such as Nyamwezi.
6. Introduction of new food crops such as maize, rice and cassava were introduced.
7. Spread of
Islamic religion to the interiors e.g Tabora and Ujiji.
Negative impacts
1. It leads to the emergency of inter-tribal wars in Oder to get slaves.
2. It
brought over exploitation of natural resources. E.g. Many elephants were
killed, as there was high demand of Ivory.
3. It led to depopulation.
4. Source of under development in some areas.
5. It leads to the emergence of slave trade.
6. Source of cultural interference.
7. Separation
of failies due to slave trade.
A) LONG DISTANCE TRADE IN E. AFRICA
Long distance trade: was the trade conducted from one far
place to another far place. The societies involved were, Kamba, Yao and
Nyamwezi.
1. THE KAMBA
They dominated northen route in the 19th century. They Kamba
caravan brought ivory, guns, hides and beeswax from the interior. From the
Coast they obtained cloth, salt, copper, cowrie’s shells and jewellery.
2. THE YAO
The Yao traders they dominated the Southern route during the long distance trade. Goods involved were beads and cloth from Kilwa. They also captured and sold slaves from neighbouring communities, Yao chiefs such as Mpanda, Mataka, Machemba and Mtalika.
3. THE NYAMWEZI
The Nyamwezi dominated the central route. conducted trade between the interior of Tanganyika and the coast. The Nyamwezi sold slaves and ivory, hide rhinoceros horn.
Nyamwezi traders succeeded because of the following reasons. The Nyamwezi leaders such as the Msirikazi, Nyungu ya Mawe and Mirambo supported the trade.
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA
1. Population increase.
2. Development of productive forces
3. Presence of good leaders like Mirambo, nyunguyamawe, isike, Machema, etc.
4. Presence of good climatic conditions.
5. Advancement of iron technology.
6. Availability
of essential goods.
EFFECTS OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE IN E. AFRICA
Positive consequences/impacts
1. Accumulation of wealth among traders. e.g. Mirambo and Isike.
2. It leads to the availability of new commodities e.g. guns, clothes, beads, ivory, etc.
3. It leads
to the development of trade centers such as Saadans, Pangani, Bagamoyo, Tabora,
Ujiji, Voi, and Taveta.
4. It leads to development of trade routes.
5. It leads to the emergence powerful Kingdoms such as Nyamwezi.
6. Introduction of new food crops such as maize, rice and cassava were introduced.
7. Spread of
Islamic religion to the interiors e.g Tabora and Ujiji.
Negative impacts
1. It leads to the emergency of inter-tribal wars in Oder to get slaves.
2. It
brought over exploitation of natural resources. E.g. Many elephants were
killed, as there was high demand of Ivory.
3. It led to depopulation.
4. Source of under development in some areas.
5. It leads to the emergence of slave trade.
6. Source of cultural interference.
7. Separation
of families due to slave trade.
THE EMERGENCE OF TRADE IN PRE- COLONIAL AFRICA
Trade: is the system of buying and selling goods and
services among people so as to satisfy individual needs. In pre colonial
Africa, trade began when a man started to increase surplus production
especially in agricultural which contributed to the availability of trade
items.
Types of pre-colonisl trade
In pre colonial Africa there were two types of trade which are:-
i. Local Trade.
ii. Long
Distance trade.
1. The local
trade: was the trade conduced by the communities lived within the same
geographical area. Normally the local trade was not conducted for profit making
as it only enabled people within a community to obtain essential needs which
they didn’t produce. This trade was practiced nearly by all traditional
societies in Africa. Example Maasai in E. Africa exchanged livestock and crops
producers.
2. Long Distance Trade: This refers to the regional trade which was conducted by the people from different geographical areas. In involved the movement of traders for a long journey or for long long distances so as to exchange various trade items. Unlike the
local trade, long distance was for profit making as traders
were interested in profit maximization. Example long distance trade in E.
Africa, long distance trade in central Africa dominated by professional traders
like Uvimbundu and long diatance trade in north and west Afeica (Tran-Saharan
trade).
FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF PRE COLONIAL TRADE
1. It based
on barter system: Pre colonial trade was mainly barter in nature as the medium
of exchange based on the exchange of goods for goods, where by a society
exchanged what it produced with what it was not producing. As years went on,
cowrie shells, gold, and coins started to be used as the medium of exchange.
2. It based
on exchanging of raw materials: The main trading commodities exchanged by that
time were mainly in form of raw materials. These items were obtained in the
interior of East Africa, whereby the Nyamwezi offered mainly Ivory; the Yao
sold their fellow human beings to Swahili and Arab traders while the Kamba sold
both ivory and slaves. However, the coastal traders took other items from the
interior were animals skins, tortoise shells, and minerals like gold and
copper, like copper from Katanga region.
3. It characterized by civilization: Especially in the interior of East and Central Africa. The coastal traders, who went to the interior of East and Central Africa so as to trade with the interior societies, also had the objective of spreading Islamic religion and Swahili culture. For instance, there was an introduction of Islamic religion in all trading centers in the interior like at Tabora and Ujiji, where there are many Muslim communities.
The Swahili culture
such as language and dressing styles (white or black robe) started to be
witnessed in the interior. Currently, there are many Swahili communities in the
interior due to the influence of long distance trade.
4. It was
supported by powerful chiefs: The pre colonial trade activities were
coordinated and supervised by traditional political chiefs and kings. For
instance.
Mirambo of the Nyamwezi, Nyungu ya Mawe of Ukimbu, and
Kabaka of Buganda controlled the central route; Machemba of the Yao dominated
the Southern route while the Kamba of Kenya dominated the Northern route. These
African chiefsorganized the trade by looking for trade items that had to be
exchanged and they provided security to traders.
5. It was
seasonally based: The pre colonial trade was seasonal in nature as traders
settled down during rainy season so as to conduct trade activities. Also,
during rainy season it was not easy to cross rivers which were full of water
and dangerous animals. For example, the Nyamwezi cultivated crops during rainy
season and hunted elephants during dry season so as to get Ivory to be sold to
Arab and Swahili traders.
6. It was
not intercontinental: The African traders didn’t invlove crossing the African
borders going to other continents for trade activities. Even when Africans were
trading with the Greeks, Romans and Asians (early commercial contacts), it was
foreigners who came to Africa. This was due to absence of advanced marine
technology for constructing sea far going vessels which could enable African
traders to cross the big sea (oceans).
7. It was
mainly for meeting human needs: Normally the pre colonial trade it was not much
for profit making may be to a little extent among the local chiefs trade become
way of wealth accumulation but to a large extent trade become as a means of
merting essential dands.
EAST AFRICA MAP SHOWING TRADE ROUTES, COMMODITIES AND SOCIETIES INVOLVED IN LONG DISTANCE TRADE.
B) TRANS SAHARAN TRADE
Trans Sahara trade, was the trade conducted between north
and western sudanic states across the Saharan desert. This trade started from
5th Century and expanded much in 7th hence reached its peak in 15 th century.
People who involved in the trade were from.
i. West Africa.
ii. North Africa.
iii. Savannah
Region.
GOODS WHICH WERE EXCHNGED
Goods from Africa
i. Kola nuts.
ii. Salt.
iv. Foodstuffs.
iv. Ivory.
v. Slaves.
vi. Bee wax.
viii. Ostritch feathers.
viii. Animal skins.
ix. Minerals
like Gold and copper.
Goods from Europe and Asia
i. Cotton and
silk cloth.
ii. swords
iii. Guns
iv. Metal pans.
v. Horses and
camels.
vi. Arabic
books.
TRAN-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTES
1.Western route: This passes through Sijilmasa, Fez in
Morocco passed through Taghaza, Taodeni, Walta, Audaghost, and Kumbi Saleh to
Timbuktu.
2. Central
route: This passed through Tunis, Ghat, Ghamese, Kano, GAO and Hausa land.
3. Eastern
route: This began in Tripoli, Marzul and Bilma.
FACTORS FOR THE RISE AND GROWTH OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN
TRADE
The following are some of the factors that contributed to
the growth of the Trans Saharan trade:-
1. Presence of
good leadership: Both North African and Western Sudanic zone were politically
stable. For example, leaders like Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa collected taxes
and established guides on trade routes. This enabled the people to conduct
trade without fear. Up to the end of the 15th century AD, many traders were
motivated to come to Western Sudan for trade.
2. Availability
of essential goods: Western Sudan provided goods needed by traders from Europe.
These goods included gold, ivory and slaves. Through trading Western Sudan
exchanged her own commodities with goods from Western Europe and Asia. In turn,
she got clothes, guns and other commodities. The surplus production in Western
Sudan was adequate to sustain demand for products such as kolanuts and gold,
hides, ivory slaves, whereas Taghaza produced enough salt to meet the needs in
Western Sudan. The high production capacity in the region enhanced the growth
of the Trans Saharan trade.
3. Hospitality
of north and west African people: The Berbers of North Africa and the African
traders of Western Africa trusted each other. Traders brought in commodities
without fear of theft and robbery, enabling the trade to flourish.
4. Availability
of camels: The use of camels for transport suited the desert conditions and
facilitated the development of the Trans-Saharan trade. These animals could not
only carry more commodities than horses and human porters, but also endured
desert conditions. Camels can survive without water for a long-time. This
convenient means of transport strengthened the development of the Trans-Saharan
trade.
5. Good
geographical location: The location and climate favoured the production of kola
nuts and other foodstuffs that were needed in the community, especially the
forest region to the south. The region of Western Sudan had no impassable
forests because many areas were covered by short grassland. This enabled
traders to cross the desert without fear or any difficulty.
6. The use of
common language: This was attained after Arabic language became the trader’s
medium of communication. This in turn facilitated the trade by making
communication between the traders easy.
7. The role of
islamic religion: it converted all non muslims to settle under one religion
hence contributed unity and stability in the region.
8. Conquest of
north Africa by Arabs: It become possible all trade routes to be dominated by Arabs and moreover consolidated unity
and peace in the region.
FACTORS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF TRANS- SAHARAN TRADE
1. Climate
change: the srong blowing wind across the Saharan desert disturbed the
stability of the trade and however there was high increase in hot climate.
2. Introduction
of Trans-Antlantic slave trade: It has changed the trade routes.
3. European
colonization by the 19th century: it has changed the trade routes.
4. Eruption of
robbery.
5. Conquest
from morroco.
6. Increase of
commercial contact from Middle Esat states.
EFFECTS OF THE TRANS SAHARAN TRADE IN AFRICA
1. It led to
the growth of empires like Ghana, Mali etc
2. It increased
development of Agriculture.
3. It led to
the introduction of Arabic Islamic religion cultures.
4. Formation of
mixed races example half cast
5. Growth of town and cities e.g. Jenne, Timbuktu, GAO and Walata.
6. Development
of technology.
MAP SHOWING TRANS- SAHARAN TRADE ROUTE
GUIDING QUESTIONS
1. How agriculture changed man’s life during the pre-colonial Africa.
2. Give out six contribution of agriculture to the emergence of system of exchange during the pre colonial era in Africa.
3. Discuss the impact of crop cultivation and animal husbandry on the development of trade in pre colonial Africa
4. Characterize in six points, the silent features of pre colonial trade.
