COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES
What is colonial social services?
Colonial social services: Refers to the different services that were established by colonialists in African colonies during the colonial era. The major aim of colonial powers to introduce different social services in African colonies was to facilitate the colonial exploitation. Colonial social services include, Health services, education, water supply, transportation, electricity and housing.
Example of various schools established in the colonies aimed at increasing the rate of producing raw materuals with high quality. These were Ukiriguru in Mwanza, Amboni-Tanga, Tanga school, Old Tanga, Uyole in Mbeya, Lindi. etc.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES
1. They were discriminative in nature.
2. They were commercial based.
3. They were exploitative in nature.
4. They were uneven distributed.
5. They were dependent in nature.
6. They were religious based.
OBJECTIVES/REASONS FOR INTRODUCTION OF SOCIAL SERVICES IN THE COLONIES
The major aim of colonial power to introduce social services in the colonies was to facilitate the colonial exploitation. Therefore those objectives were:-
1. To facilitates the exploitation of Africans resources.
2. To supports white settlers in the colonies.
3. To acquires skilled labourers.
4. To improves the health status of colonial labourer.
5. To expands capitalist markets.
6. To improves living condition of colonial governors.
7. To spread western culture.
FACTORS DETERMINED THE DISTRIBUTION OF COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES IN THE COLONIES
1. Presence of urban centres: Most urban centres were favoured with different services because of availability of many consumers. Therefore colonialists preferred much to establish their social services in urban areas than rural areas due to the nature of population.
2. Presence of economic interests: This means that some areas seemed to have economic potentiality were favoured with many social services. Example areas with settlers residences, areas with plantation and peasnat agriculture and arwas with mining centres. For instance, workers quarters for accommodation and transport networks like roads and railways were established.
3. Areas with missionaries: Those areas with missionary residences were favoured much with different social services like schools, medical centers were established to help them 9missionaries) and to convert the indigenous people having been attracted them.
4. The status of the colony: This mean that, the colony that was under trusteeship of UN like Tanganyika, they were given little social services this was a case due to the fact that the colonialists never see a need to develop such colonies but in those mandatory colonies they were given many social services.
5. Presence of labour reserves: Normally the areas which was created for labour reserve were served with different services like housing, water supply, electricity and good roads and railway lines. which preserved as labor zones, in these areas, infrastructures like railways, were established in order to transport laborers to the areas of plantations example rail line from Kigoma to Tanga was built so as to carry workers in sisal plantations.
6. Areas with peasant agriculture: like in Buganda and Kagera, This made possibility of establishing social services like schools so as to encourage the peasants to carry out with agricultural activities because with agricultural sectors they were able to get money that would be used to pay school fees for their children.
TYPES OF COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES
Among of colonial social services provided by colonial power in the colonies wer:-
i. Colonial education.
ii. Health services.
iii. Housing services.
iv. Electricity supply.
v. Water supply.
vi. Transport and communication.
A. COLONIAL EDUCATION
Education: refers to process of imparting knowledge, skills, attitudes and values from one person to another or from one generation to another generation.
Colonil education: was the type of education which was provided by colonialists to some few African for the aim of meeting the colonial interests.
The main aim of colonial education was to train few Africans who could be used to help the colonialist to supervise colonial production and occupying junior administrative posts like clerks, tax collection, typist and messengers. Colonial education was introduced by the Europeans from the last decade of the 18 th century. From that period to independent all schools were owned by the missionaries and colonial government. Colonial education sometimes referred to Formal Education and largely differed from the education during pre-colonial period.
However, colonial education was not basically to develop mind of Africa but rather to enable Africans acquire knowledge for effective production.
Enrollment of pupils was based segregation because colonial education had different purposes to different races. To Africans it was intended to produce literate, low paid workers and loyal subjects and to turn African mind against their culture and people. Colonial education provided very little skills while emphasizing on discipline and obedience.
PRE-COLONIAL AFRICAN EDUCATION/ TRADITIONAL EDUCATION
Pre-colonial African education: was kind of education which was provided bysome African societies before the coming of colonialism. Normally the aim of traditional education was to enable a person to control the nature in the day to day activities.
FEATURES OF PRE-COLONIAL AFRICAN EDUCATION
1. It was based on building societal moral values: it based on learning of various issues such as acceptable moral values, medicine, pottery etc.
2. It was provided by elders: Early child education was given by parents.
3. It was varied from one community to another: E.g pastoralists, agriculturalis, hunters, etc.
4. It was based on the development of successive stage by physical emotion and mental.
5. It was characterized by close link with social life in both material and spiritual senses.
6. Education was both formal and informal depending on the stage and purpose of learning.
7. It was a life long education since people was continued to learn throughout their life span.
8. The basic purpose of pre-colonia education was to impart knowledge, skills and values to the society.
9. It was age and sex selective.
OBJECTIVES/REASONS FOR INTRODUCTION OF COLONIAL EDUCATION IN THE COLONIES
1. To change African mindset to accept colonialism.
2. To spread western culture: The colonial powers introduced education in the colonies in the colonies so as to spread their culture and abandoning African traditional culture, through education, language and religion. To destroy African culture: It also aimed at destroying African culture and introducing the western culture.
2. To prepare few Africans for white-collar jobs.
3. To prepare puppet leaders who could serve the colonial interests.
4. To creates classes among Africans: so as to create disunity among them, hence this delayed Africans independence.
5. To facilitate colonial exploitation.
6. To expand capitalist markets: This was because colonial education provided by costs rather than free.
7. To expand capitalist production: The colonial powers introduced education sector in the colonies so as to boost economic production through creating skilled labourers from different fields like growing of cash crops with high quality.
FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION
Colonial education had numerous characteristics that differentiated it from the form of education that existed before colonialism in Africa. Some of the characteristics of colonial education were as follows:-
1. It was pyramid in shape: The number of learners decreased as the education level increased due to the existence of discriminative elements like exams which were used to filter out unwanted number such that the higher the level the fewer the students.
2. It was discriminative in nature: There were different schools for different races, Europeans, Asians and Africans. Also Boys were much more enrolled compared to girls. Sons of chiefs and government officials had more access than peasants and other common people. People from production areas had more access than those from labor reserve areas. There were schools for boys only and some few for girls only.
3. The education curriculum was organized outside: Mostly of its system was derived from metropolitan, so this was an irrelevant type of education to Africans.
4. It was supervised by missionaries: In some colonies like Tanganyika it was mostly left under missionaries.
5. It was commercial based: Africans were required to pay school fees in order to be enrolled into colonial schools.
6. It was more theoritical than practical: Its methodology was theory with very few or no practical, intensive reading and creaming.
7. It was provided in a formal classroom setting: Colonial education was provided in established buildings called classrooms.
8. It was exploitative in nature: The colonial powers introduced colonial education for the aim of exploiting African resources by changing African attitudes and mindsets.
THE DISCRIMINATIVE NATURE OF COLONIAL EDUCATION
1. It was based on gender discrimination
2. It was based on racial segregation.
3. It was religious based.
4. Existence of examination system.
5. Existence of admission conditions.
THE STRUCTURE OF COLONIAL EDUCATION
The structure of the colonial education consisted of four levels which were in form of a pyramid shape such as a follows:-
1. Primary education: It was acted as basic education, which mainly prepared children to remain peasant for cash crops producers or farm labourers. E.g. It started from standard 1 to 4 in Tanganyika.
2. Secondary or middle level (school): This was a post primary education. it had only few children who could offer services in colonial offices and industries a low wages. In Tanganyika they built, Tanga School, Tabora Boy’s School, secondary schools started at standard 5 up to 8, in Uganda, Mengo day school and Kings College, Bodo and Kisubi area etc.
3. Colleges like teachers and technical colleges: In East Africa there are some colleges like Ukiriguru in Mwanza in 1939, Achimota in Ghana in 1924, Yaba higher college in Lagos in Nigeria established in 1934.
4. Higher education (University level): This level of education was provided by universities, in this way few people who performed well in their studies were taken abroad to get university education. Example Makerere University in Uganda established in 1921, which offered vocational training in medicine, agriculture, mechanics, carpentry and teaching professionals,
METHODS USED BY COLONIALISTS TO INTRODUCE PYRAMID SHAPE OF EDUCATION
1. Introduction of racial segregation.
2. Introduction of gender discrimination.
3. Introduction of western religion.
4. Introduction of admission conditions such as school fees.
5. Introduction of examination systems.
THE CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY OF COLONIAL EDUCATION
1. The syllabus based largely on Europe and nothing about Africa.
2. It promoted inferiority complex among the Africans that even Africans were punished when spoken their local language and everything evil has a black face and white is an angel.
3. It produced job seekers and not job creators.
4. On primary level, concentration was put on agricultural education and school gardens so as to teach Africans how to cultivate cash crops.
5. It was not free; school fees were to be paid that is why very few acquired education white the majority did not.
6. Learning was too bookish emphasizing on cram work, which was impossible for application in African situation.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN AFRICAN AND COLONIAL EDUCATION
1. Both aimed at imparting skills, knowledge and valves to the members of the society
2. Both education were practiced in Africa.
3. Both education were accompanied by ceremonies, especially after completion of the specified programs/teachings/level. In Africa-Traditional ceremonies /Graduation.
4. Both education promoted moral values to the African societies.
5. Both education was affected African societies socially, politically and economically.
6. Both education involved experincial learning (learning by doing).
DIFFERENT BETWEEN COLONIAL EDUCATION AND PRE-COLONIAL EDUCATION
1. The colonial education was exploitative on nature while pre-colonial African education was not based on exploitative.
2. The colonial education was theoretical than practice while pre-colonial African education was practical based.
3. The colonial education had special syllabus while pre-colonial education based on the nature of environment.
4. The structure of colonial education was pyramid in shape while Pre-colonial African education its structure was not pyramids.
5. The pre-colonial African education it was life long process while Colonial education was based on special economic.
6. The aim of pre-colonial African education was to prepare the children for future life while the colonial education aimed at facilitating colonial exploitation.
EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION
The colonial education has both positive and negative impacts to African societies.
POSITIVE IMPACTS/SIGNIFICANCE
1. It has facilitated nationalistic struggle in Africa: The colonial education produced nationalists who led to African independence example, Kamuzu Banda (Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Abdul Nasser (Egypt), etc. All those were the products of colonial education.
2. It was introduced skills and knowledge to African societies: The students and pupils were acqured skilled and knowledge where learners of colonial education learnt many things and acquired skills for a short time because education provided by the colonialists had a defined curriculum. For example skills like reading and writing which could be used for communication worldwide.
3. It has provieded employment opportunities to some few Africans: Colonial education acted as a base for manpower preparation where by many Africans went to schools during colonial education had positions in the governments.
4. It his enabled African to write their history: The colonial education enabled Africans to review and write their history which was destroyed by colonial powers who always make African inferiors.
5. It has provided awareness and consciousness among African: The colonial education enabled Africans to know their rights especially during the struggle for independence.
6. It has helped Africans to eradicate negative cultural practices: The education brought modernization to African societies which resulted in to abandonment of negative cultural values. Example female genital mutilation and killing of innocents.
7. It has led to the emergence of African elite class: The colonial education resulted in to formation of elites who were purely product of colonial education. However this elites become catalyst for struggle for African rights. Example J. K. Nyerere, Kamuzu Banda, Nnandi Azikiwe, Jacob Zuma, Nelson Mandera, Jomo Kenyatta, Abdul Nasser and other so many.
8. It has facilitated the growth of African local language: Most African local language after colonial education started to be written in different books like dictionaries which resulted in to expansionism of those languages. Example kiswahili language in Tanzania.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
1. It has contributed to destruction of African culture: The colonial education resulted to killing of African culture (dissociation of Africans who got colonial education), colonial education alienated educated Africans for their own culture. For example educated Africans discouraged and disrespected anything indigenous and instead they praised European culture.
2. It brought regional imbalance in terms of development: where by regions with economic resources had more schools than those with less resources for example Kigoma region in Tanzania received less priority in education than cash production areas like Mbeya, Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Tanga and other parts of African colonies.
3. It has planted seed for gender and racial discrimination in Africa: The colonial education has Led to discrimination in African continent where by education was provided basing on sex, religion, race and class. For example Colonial education based on race where by Asians, whites and black each had their own separate schools, for example colonial Tanganyika Mkwawa High School currently college of education of University of Dar es salaam saved only the whites, likewise colonial education led to gender inequality where by colonial schools had few girls compare to boys for example in Tanganyika in 1956 there were only 204 girls in secondary schools out of 4409 students in secondary schools.
4. It led to acquisition of irrelevant education among African societies: The African students were taught lessons about European environment and in negative and a little about Africa for example students in geography class were taught about seasons of climate in Europe which were summer, winter, spring and Autumn while those seasons were very strange to African students who are used only to rainy and dry seasons.
5. It brought intensive exploitation of African resources: Through creating skilled labourers, puppet leaders and fixing school fees.
6. It has led to social stratification: The colonial education resulted in to formation of social classes among African societies which include educated and non educated, rich and poor, employed and non employed.
7. It has consolidated colonialism: Through effective changing African mindsets to accept or support and appreciate colonialism.
8. It has created dependent systems: Normally ebmven after colonialism, Africa educated continued to use the system of colonial education which in reality is not relevant to societies. However the impact of this is seemed in most graduates even now days they need to be employed in the public offices and not for employed themselves.
WEAKNESSES OF COLONIAL EDUCATION
1. The education, which was given to Africans, was too inferior from that which was given to the whites.
2. Few Africans received this kind of education especially the sons of chiefs while majority remained illiterate.
3. It was based on race and religion. This was because there were schools for the Africans and other races. Muslims could not join the missionary schools.
4. There was regional imbalance in the provision of this education.
5. Boys were much preferred to girls this led/contributed to poor development/ gender imbalanced kind of education.
6. Education always aimed towards serving the colonial state rather than indigenous people their environment and development.
7. The curriculum was orgsnized in Europe. Therefore the learners were taught geography of Britain instead of geography of Tanganyika, Kenya, Ghana or Senegal.
B. COLONIAL HEALTH SERVICES
Health: Is the state of mental and physical fitness of the human body.
Colonial health services: Were the medical care provided to some African societies for the the aim of improving human health conditions to African laboures. The colonial health services: Were the medical care or facilitate provided by the colonial government in the colonies.
CARTEGORIES OF HEALTH SERVICES
The colonial health services was provided by:-
i. Government health services: These were hospitals and health centres or clinics which established and offered by colonial government and they concentrated in urban areas. Example ocean road hospital in Dar-es-salaam in Tanganyika, Kampala hospital in Uganda.
ii. Missionary Health services: These were mainly health centres and dispensaries which were supervised by missionaries in the colonies. They were common in village areas.
iii. Private health services: These were health services established and provided by colonial investors in the colonies. Example Aga-khan Hospital in Dar-es-salaam in Tanganyika.
OBJECTIVES OF COLONIAL HEALTH SERVICES
1. To expands the colonial domination: Most colonial health services was provided so as to improve the conditions of colonial officials.
2. To ensures maximize exploitation of African labourers: The colonial health services were expanded in the colonies so as to exploit African labourers through payment for health costs.
3. To improves capitalist investment in the colonies: The colonial health services were expanded in the colonies so as to attract high number of European investors in the colonial by supporting them to establish permanent settlement.
4. To supports settlers in the colonies: The health services were improved in the colonies which purposely to support white settlers in the colonies.
5. To supports missionaries in the colonies: The colonial health services were expanded as the means of encouraging missionaries to settle in the colonies.
6. To consolidate western culture: The colonial health services were introduced in the colonies so as to abandon African traditional culture by shifting from using traditional medicine to the of modern/European medicine.
7. To expand capitalist markets.
FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONIAL HEALTH SERVICES
Discuss by giving six points the statement that "Colonial health services were discriminative in native in nature".
1. It was provided to some few people: The colonial health services was provided to some few people like colonial powers, missionaries and whites settlers as the first priority.
2. It was religious based: Most colonial health services were dominated by religious affairs, there were many missionary health centres which supervised by Roman Catholic and Lutheran.
3. It bases on racial segregation: The colonial health services ware provided in the colonies based on racial. There were best health services for whites then other poor service was provided to Africans.
4. It was unevenly distributed: Normally colonial health services like other colonial social services was not established and provided every where, the colonial powers provides their heal based on their interests. Most colonial health services were established in productive sites like areas with settlers, peasant, plantation agriculture, areas with migrant labourers and areas with high population.
5. They were commercial based: The colonial health services were not provided free in the colonies but Africans were supposed to pay for health services costs.
6. Most colonial health services were provided by European/whites than Africans workers.
7. They offered by some few qualified man powers which were Europeans and Asians. African the participated on performing minor activities like general cleanness.
IMPACTS OF COLONIAL HEALTH SERVICES
1. It expanded the market of western capitalism industry in Africa as Africans consumed various medicine from Europe.
2. They maintained labour power for plantation, settler and mining sectors of colonial economy.
3. African herbs were almost replaced by the consumption of western medications.
4. It strengthened classes during colonial period i.e. the white civil servants, settlers and managers got high quality health services while the African received poor health services.
5. It provided employment to their people in Africa.
6. expansion colonial trade: industries in Africans consumed various medicines from Europe.
C. HOUSING SERVICES AND WATER SUPPLY
Water supply: Is the distribution of water services especially clean and safe water to the society for different purpose. Housing services: is the settlement services established to serves the community members. Normally both water supply and housing services were established by colonial powers for the interests of capitalist powers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSING AND WATER SUPPLY SERVICES
1. They were unevenly distributed: Most colonial housing and water supply were distributed only on the areas with capitalist interests like areas with missionaries, settlers, plantations and peasant residents, and colonial officials residences.
2. They were discriminative in nature: The whites were much favoured with best houses and enough clean and safe water supply than Africans.
3. They were commercial based: Normally water supply and housing schemes were not provided freely but African were supposed to pay for those services when they were needed.
4. They were shortage: The colonial housing and water supply services were not enough, there were few houses which provided accommodation for whites and water supply for them.
5. They were religious based: Most housing services and water supply were provided by missionaries under the influence of Christianity.
6. They were exploitative in nature: The housing service and water supply services were not intended to benefits African but only for the benefits of capitalist to exploit much Africans.
REASONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF HOUSING AND WATER SERVICES IN THE COLONIES
1. To attract African labourers: The housing schemes and water supply service was provided so as to attract more African labourers sttle in various productive sites like in construction of infrastructures.
2. To attract settlers in the colonies: The housing service and water supply aimed at encouraging much white settlers to come and invest in the colonies.
3. To encourage urbanization: The colonial housing schemes and water supply aimed at supporting urbanization or urban growth which will provide source of markets in the colonies.
4. To expand colonial exploitation: These services were introduced in the colonies so as to facilitate intensive exploitation of Africans since those services could not provided freely.
5. To consolidate colonial administration: The colonies housing and water supply aimed at supporting administrative activity in the colonies.
6. To spread western culture: The colonial housing services and water supply were introduced in the colonies so as to destroy African traditional culture by turning them from using traditional houses to the modern/European medicine.
DISTRIBUTION/PATTERNS OF COLONIAL WATER AND HOUSING SERVICES
Distribution pattern of water and housing services.The provision of water and housing services under colonial government in African colonies was so strategic since the basic distribution pattern considered were:-
1. The administrative areas/centers: especially urban areas such as Dar es Salaam, Mwanza and Tnaga where colonial officials like Governors and soldiers who were employed by the European to perform their administrative functions lived.
2. In productive areas with plantation agriculture: which was characterized with the establishment of plantations such as coffee production in Kilimanjaro, sisal plantation in Tanga and Morogoro, mining centers and areas with factories for example, cotton ginneries and sisal decortications in Shinyanga, water and housing services were provided so as to facilitate the efficiency in production.
3. Missionary areas: These were important areas to be provided with water and housing services because missionaries played some big roles in facilitating colonial rule. For example, they encouraged African natives to produce cash crops.
4. Labour reserve areas/centers: Were also an important pattern where the colonial government provided water and housing to facilitate the availability of massive labour forces for the colonial economy production. For example, areas like Kigoma in Western Tanganyika and Shinyanga, although labourers wre given small houses with poor ventilation which led to overcrowding, few public water wells with little or without treatment.
5. Areas with settler residences. Especially Kenya highlands etc.
IMPACTS OF PROVISION OF COLONIAL WATER AND HOUSING SERVICES
1. Slums emerged due to lack of adequate shelter.
2. African civil servants in the colonies got better housing and water services after the Second World War.
3. Racial discrimination in the provision of water and housing services contributed to the emergence of African welfare associations in urban centers.
4. African viewed urban centers as a place for temporary settlement after which one would go back to the rural areas as most of the services were provided for the Europeans.
5. Emergence of illicit activities such as the sale of illegal liquor, theft and drug trafficking took place.
6. Also it contributed to the emergence of nationalism against colonial injustice for example, Mau Mau liberation war.
7. It created uneven distribution of water and housing between urban areas and remote areas, hence uneven development in the colonies.
8. African suffered from diseases such maralia, chorela,T.B. etc.
D. COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
The colonial infrastructures were also important social services established in colonial Africa. These colonial infrastructures were roads, railways, ports, harbors and airports. Examples are central railway line from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma via Tabora to Mpanda and Dar es Salaam to Tanga.
The Germans firstly built Tanga line in 1893, and reached Mombo in 1905, it was later extended to Moshi in 1912, where it served the settlers in Usambara and plantations owners and African peasants in Kilimanjaro. They also constructed the central line from Dar es Salaam to Morogoro in 1907, and reached Tabora in 1912 and Kigoma in 1914.
It was 1928 after WWI when it was extended from Tabora to Mwanza. Other railways was in Kenya – Uganda made by British, it started at Mombasa in 1896 and reached Nairobi in 1898. It was in 1928 when it was extended to Jinja and Kampala.
FEATURES / CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
1. They run perpendicular to the coast: This was done so as to ease importation of manufactured goods from Europe and exportation of raw – materials from the interior to Africa.
2. Roads and railways were very few only covered short distance: concentrated in the productive areas.
3. Construction of these roads/ railways was done through forced labor: but under the supervision of white man.
4. There was no international linkage in transport: Colonial infrastructure did not run from one territory to another except where only the colonies belonged to the same colonial master e.g. Uganda and Kenya shared railway because they were under British.
5. They were seasonal: This means that, most of the roads were mostly used during production and harvest season only hence in effectiveness roads and railway.
6. They experienced frequent reconstruction: This was because, in some areas Africans used to destroy them more especially during night e.g. Nandi and Maasai, thus frequent repair became very important to make it function able.
REASONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TRASPORTATION SYSTEM OR INFRASTRUCTURE
1. To facilitate transportation of raw materials from the interior to the coast for easy shipment to Europe: E.g. cotton, minerals and coffee.
2. To transport manufactured goods from the coast to interior: facilitate the transportation and distributed imported European manufactured goods from the coastal areas to the interior.
3. To transportation of African laborers from one colonial economic sector to another.
4. To interlink various important colonial centers or zones such as colonial districts, provinces, projects, e.g. plantation and mines.
5. To transport of colonial officials and solders from one place to another in running and administering the colonies.
6. To easy the colonial states to collect revenue from communication system in form of taxes from goods and raw – materials.
7. To open up the interior of Africa for exploitation of cheap labor, markets and raw – materials.
WHY MOST COLONIAL ROADS AND RAILWAYS RUN PERPENDICULAR FROM THE INTERIORS TO THE COAST?
Most of the roads and Railways in colonial Africa were directed towards the coast. This was due to the following reasons.
1. To transport raw materials from the interior to the coast: various raw – materials such as cotton, sisal, tobacco were transported from the interior to coast for easy shipment to Europe.
2. To transport manufactured goods from Europe to Africa: like, clothes and distributed them in the interior of Africa.
3. To transport African migrant laborers to the various economic projects: which were established along the coast e.g. Sisal in Tanga
4. To transport colonial officials: The colonial officials were transported from one place to another for supervising colonial economic projects, which were established along the coast.
5. To facilitate transportation of European soldiers to the economic projects: which were constructed along the coast. These soldiers were sent mainly to ensure that all economic activities went on smoothly.
6. To transport missionaries from one place to another place in the colonies.
THE ROLE/CONTRIBUTION OF CLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES TO THE CONSOLIDATION OF COLONIALISM IN AFRICA
1. Education trained African laborers: Especially sons of chiefs who could serve the colonial government especially in administrative matters like tax collection, clerks, police or messengers.
2. Education changed African mind-set: Through western values and civilizations to the Africans so as to make African to despise their culture.
3. Colonial health services treated African laborers and administrators: were essential in treating migrant laborers who worked in different plantations and mines peasants who involved in cash crop plantations thus more production.
4. Education provided different farming techniques to the development of colonial economy. For example in Buganda Sir Apollo Kagira who was a British collaborator helped the British to introduce a new agricultural techniques especially in cotton production for Buganda.
5. Religious changed African mind-set to obey colonialism: Hence no much resistance would be waged by Africans against the colonialists.
6. Housing and water supply were served the settlers settlement in the colonies: whose duty was to supervise production as well as to camp the laborers (the lowest ones) to facilitate efficiency in production.
7. The colonial infrastructure: They facilitated the transportation of raw materials from the interior to the ports and import goods from Europe to the interior parts, they also transported migrant laborers to plantations and mines, troops, and administrators also were transported to their respective areas.
2. Why did the colonial powers introduced different social services in the colonies? Six ponits.
3. Elaborate six reasons behind the introduction of colonial education in the colonies.
4. To what extent did the colonial education was discriminative in nature. Five points.
5. Explain various methods employed by colonialists to introduce colonial education pyramid structure.
6. Compare and contrast between pre-colonial African education and colonial education
7. Elaborate six reasons to why most of colonial infrastructures run perpendicular from the coast to interior?
