1. CRISES IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM
What is capitalism?
Capitalism: is the fourth mode of production which characterized by private ownership of the major means of production. Normally under the capitalism the major means of production such land, tractor, capital and transport means are owned by the few people or individual person.
STAGES OF CAPITALISM DEVELOPMENT
The Development of capitalism in Europe passed through three major stages and each stage has its key features:-
1. Mercantilism 1450-1750.
2. Industrial caipitalism 1750-1850.
3. Monopoly capitalism/ imperialism 1850's.
THE MAJOR CAPITALIST CRISES
Crisis: means a problem which need to be solved.
The capitalist crises: were the major and serious problems faced capitalist systems especially during the highest stage called imperialism. However in the capitalism development faced three major crises which were:-
a. The first world war (WWI) 1914-1918.
b. The great economic depression (GED) 1929-1933.
c. The second world war (WWII) 1939-1945.
A. THE FIRST WORLD WAR (WWI) 1914-1918
The First World War (WWI): Was the first directly military conflict erupted among the imperialist nations in Europe due to the issues related to development of capitalism. The first world war was the first military conflict to occurs in European history.
The war fought by two military camps (alliances) which were, tripple Entente (Britain, France and Russia supported by the united state of America (USA) against the tripple alliance (Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary). The war fought from 1914 and ended by 1918 by defeat of Germany and his members. However, the first world war erupted in Balkan region after Austria - Hungary declared war on Bosnia against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28, June, 1914.
Germany joined the war to help Austria – Hungary. Russia sent an army to fight against Germany and Austria- Hungary in order to defend Bosnia in 3rd August, 1914. Germany declared war on France on 4th August 1914. Britain entered the war against Germany which had invaded Belgium. Other areas which were under colonial rule joined the war to fight in support of their colonial masters. E.g. Tanganyika which was under Germany fought against Uganda and Kenya which were under the British colonies.
In late 1917, USA joined the war to fight against Germany which had sunk her worship near British island. USA fought in favour of British, Russia and France and withdraws before 1918. USA claimed the fought in favour of safe democracy.
Qn: Why the first world war sometimes is referred to as imperialist war? The first world war sometimes is referred to as imperialist war because:-
1. It was fought by imperialist nations: These were Britain, France, Russian, Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary, supported by the United state of America.
2. It was motivated by the development of capitalism: especially at the highest stage which known as imperialism or monopoly capitalism.
CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR (WWI) 1914-1918
The factors for the outbreak of the First World War were categorized in to two groups namely:-
i. Long term causes/factors.
ii. Short term factors/causes.
A). THE LONG TERM FACTORS/ CAUSES
Long term causes: Are those factors which has took so long period of time to bring about the outbreak of world war. Normally the long term causes include:-
i. Development of capitalism in the highest stage (imperialism).
ii. Formation of military alliances.
iii. Militarism and arms races.
iv. Dissatisfaction with colonies.
v. The Germany nationalism 1870's.
vi. The French revenge movement.
vii. Moroccan crisis in 1905-1911.
1. Development of capitalism in to the highest stage: soon after the capitalism developed especially during the highest stage called imperialism in 1870s, it has contributed to the development industries which motivated high need for markets, raw materials, areas for investment as well as need for cheap labour for production of raw materials. However this situation has created stiff competition among the imperialist nations on searching for industrial needs hence resulted in to the outbreak of conflicts among the imperialist nations which contributed to the rise of the war. Example during the Franco Prussian war in 1870's
2. Dissatisfaction with colonies: the scramble and partition of African continent was not fair to some colonial powers. Some colonial powers has got many colonies while others had got few colonies. Example British she had got many colonies compared to other colonial powers like Germany had got few colonies, hence this has led the war to the dissatisfaction and outbreak of the war. Example by the 1911 Germany was invaded Morocco.
3. Formation of military alliences (camps): These were the military union formed by capitalist powers for the aim of fighting together against the common anemies. The military alliance or camps include, triple entente (Britain, France and Russia supported by USA) and triple alliance (Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary). However these military camps increased tension and aggressive against each other due to expansionism policy, hence the outbreak of the war.
4. Militarism and Arms races: The European powers engaged on competition on manufacturing of dangerous and destructive weapons such as atomic bombs, nuclear weapons, U-boats, wars ships and so many weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Therefore withing the imperialist nations engaged on armament ( increase in size of armies). Hence this tendency has led to the increases of hostility and enemity among the capitalist powers.
5. The Moroccan crisis: By the 1905 Germany was invaded Morocco and claimed as his colony while in fact Morocco was the French colony. However this has contributed to the outbreak of the conflict from 1905 up to 1911 when the Germany forced out by members of Triple entente. Therefore this lead to the outbreak of the First World War to be inevitable.
6. The French revenge movement: This was the French revenge movement to regain her lost providences to Germany this include Alsace and Lorraine during the Franco- Prussian war in 1870 to 1871. Normally after the defeat of France it has mede to engage on military manufacturing and formation of military alliance with Britain and France for the aim of defeating the Germany, hence the outbreak of war.
7. The Germany nationalism: Soon after the unification, Germany become military powerful country in Europe hence engaged on military manufacturing and formation of military alliance called triple alliance which comprised Germany, Italy and Austria- Hungary. However this has made Germany to develop expansionism policy toward other parts in Europe. Example: Germany was invaded France and took Alsace and Lorraine during the Franco-Prussian war in 1870-1871.
B). IMMEDIATELY CAUSES/ SHORT TERM CAUSES
Short term causes: Are those factors contributed to the rise of the first world war for very short time. Therefore the short term causes include:-
i). The assassination of Austrian leader. ii). The Balkan crises 1908-1913.
8. The Assassination of Austrian Leader:
On 28, June,1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were killed at Basman city of Sarajevo when they were on the way to honeymoon in Serbia. Archduke and his wife were killed at Basiman city of Sarajevo by a secret Bosnian terrorist. However Austria sent an alteration to Bosnia (Serbia) demanding Austria officials to be permitted to investigate and punish the assassination. Serbia refused so Austria declared war on Serbia Bosnia in 28/June/1914.
Following assassination Austria- Hungary imposed ultimatum terms over Serbia. But Serbia failed to respond to such terms and hence on the 1st July 1914 Germany attacked Serbia in the course of supporting her ally. But France, Britain, Russia and later USA attacked Germany and Austria-Hungary in order to give support to their ally ( Serbia) This led to the outbreak of first word war.
9. The Balkan crisis/nationalism 1908-1913.
Balkan states were those countries located in estern Europe where the nature of their economy was very poor by the 19th Century. However the Balkan states include Bosnia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Slovekia, Poland and Turkey as a head quoter. Historically Balkan states were under the foreign domination
of Austria-Hungary which supported by Germany, however by the 1908's these countries had showed the strong sense of demanding for their self rule by the support of Russia. However by the 1913's Germany declared war to Balkan against Russia, hence the rise of the world war.
NB: USA joined the first world war in 1917 hence he supported members of Triple entente (Britain, France and Russia) to defeat Germany and his members.
Why did the USA entered in the first word war in 1917?
USA entered the War On 1st April 1917, The United States of America declared war on Germany after the Germany unrestricted U-Boat campaign which launched on 1st February 1917. The U-Boat campaign with „sink at sight‟ policy managed to sunk 914 tones of British shipping in April, unfortunately for Germany, so many US Ships were destroyed. Reasons to why did the USA entered in the first word war in 1917 were:-
1. The Germany launching of unrestricted U-Boat campaign, 1st February 1917 which destroyed many of USA Ships and Submarines lend to Britain.
2 USA also made big loans to the Allies which would have been lost by an Allied defeat.
3. The famous „Zimmerman telegram‟ (the code telegram) which was sent by the German foreign Minister (Zimmerman) to the German legation in Mexico suggesting that the Mexicans should be induced by an offer of German help, to attack the USA and recover New Mexico from her.
3. The British intercepted the Telegram, broke the code and suggested otherwise.
PARTICIPATION OF AFRICAN IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR
African were involved in the first world war through the following aspects:-
1. African were participated as the soldiers to support their colonial masters.
2. African were participated as the porters.
3. African participated to supply food and weapons to the war fighter.
4. African were participated to provide assistance to the wounded soldiers.
THE SPREAD OF FIRST WORLD WAR WORLD WIDE
1. Involvement of African in of the war to support their colonial masters.has made the war to spread in Africa.
2. Involvement of Asia in the war to support their colonial mastershas, has made the war to spread in Asia.
3. Engagement of USA on supplying war requirements to European powers has made the war to spread world wide.
4. The Russian ambition to control the Constantinople from Turkey has made the war to spread in middle east.
THE END OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR (WWI)
The first world war ended by defeat of Germany and his members of triple alliance in 1918. However the Victorian nations (Britain, France, Russian and USA) meet at Versailles in France and formation of peace settlement treaty in 1919.
During the Versailles treaty Germany was regarded as the source of the war hence was forced to pay for war reparation of about 6'600 million USA dollars, more over Germany was prevented to manufacture military weapons as well to reduce her armies and only was allowed to own only 100,000 armies for domestic defense, therefore Germany has to loss all her colonies in Africa. However by the 1920 the league of nations was formed at Geneva Switzerland under the USA president Widroow Wilson for the aim of maintaining world peace and security.
IMPACTS OF FIRST WORLD WAR (WWI) IN THE COLONIES
There were so many impacts of the first world in African colonies include both social, political and economic impacts:-
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
1. Germany lost all her colonies: All Germany colonies were put under league of nation then the league of nation decided to change the colonial masters. The Germany conies were such Togo, Tanganyika, Rwanda, Burundi, Cameroon, Namibia etc.
For example, Tanganyika was given to British east Africa, Rwanda and Burundi were given to Bergium in Congo, Namibia to Bores in South Africa.
2. Destruction of properties: so many properties established by colonialist in African were destroyed due to lack of closely supervision, these were, roads, farms, etc.
3. Increase of intensive exploitation in the colonies: this was done through forced labour, low wages, land alienation, taxation and long working hours to African.
4. It lead to the establishment of processing industries in the colonies. The aim at expanding markets.
5. Increase of growing cash crops in the colonies: Aim at increases the rate of raw materials.
SOCIAL EFFECTS/IMPACTS
1. Death of many Africans: Many African taken to assist their colonial masters were killed in the war. Example it was estimated that more than 100,000 African solders were killed in the war.
2. Eruption of some diseases: some dangerous diseases such as Flue erupted in the colonies, E.g. in Tanganyika Flue killed about 7000 people.
3. Increase in poor living conditions: this include poor social services and housing conditions.
4. Separation of families: The war resulted in to separation of African families in different parts particularly in Europe.
POLITICAL EFFECTS
1. Changing in colonial masters: all Germany colonies were changed their colonial masters under the supervision of the league of nation.
2. Formation of mandate territories: all Germany colonies under the league of nations were generally referred to as mandete territories. E.g Tanganyika, Namibia, Rwanda,Burundi, Togo,etc
IMPACTS OF FIRST WORLD WAR (WWI) IN EUROPE POLITICAL EFFECTS
1. It has led to the formation of Versailles peace treaty in 1919 at Parice, France.
2. French has regained her lost provinces which were Alsace and Lorraine.
3. Formation of new nations such as Serbia and Montenegro.
4. Formation of league of nation in 1920 at Geneva Switzerland.
5. Germany and his members were forced to practice disarmament. Example Germany was forced to own only 100,000 armies for domestic defense.
6. Outbreak of dictatorship government such as Fascism in Italy and Nazism in German.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
1. Destruction of properties: The was has led ti the serious destructiin of properties such such as roads, railways, buildings, industries, etc.
2. Occurance of debts crisis among the war fighters: All war fighters faced with heavy debts from USA. Example Britain 4277 million USA dollars, France 2977 million USA dollars, Russia 8349 million USA dollars , etc
3. It has led to the occurrence of Great Economic depression (GED): due to the over production and imposition of protectionism among the world countries which has led to the destruction of capitalist production system
4. All Germany colonies were put under the league of nation: However the league of nation has put all Germany colonies under the supervision of other colonial powers. E.g Tanganyika was given to British east Africa, Rwanda and Burundi were given to Bergium in Congo, Namibia to Bores in South Africa.
5. Germany was forced to pay war cost 6,600 million USA dollars: This was the order from the Versailles treaty in 1919 since Germany was regarded as the source of the war.
SOCIAL EFFECTS
1. Increase of massive unemployment.
2. Increase of poor living condition.
3. Poor provision of social services.
4. Loss of people's lives due to war.
5. Separation of families.
6. Emergence of fear and insecurity.
B. THE GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION (GED) IN 1929-1933's.
The great economic depression: was the drastic fall of capitalist economic system in all major sectors. The situation started in USA hence speeded all over the world.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION (G.E.D)
The great depression it characterized by having the following features.
1. Fall of agricultural and industrial production.
2. Low prices of goods.
3. It characterized by closure of banks.
4. It characterized by massive unemployment.
5. It characterized by reduction of workers.
6. It characterized by reduction of government expenditure.
7. It featured by decline of national income.
CAUSES OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
1. The impact of the First World War 1914 to 1918: It destroyed badly the capitalist economy through destruction of industries, roads, decline in international trade, etc.
2. Russian protectionism policy: Russia after the revolution in 1917, the new socialist government imposed trade protectionism policy over the imported goods from western European countries. Moreover after the Russian revolution the new communist government imposed the nationalization policies to all capitalist investment, hence this contributed to the great economic depression.
3. Over production among the capitalist powers: The capitalist countries were engaged much on high production as the means of reviving their economy rushed by the first world war, hence this has led to over concentration of goods in the markets due and decline in consumption which resulted in to great economic depression.
4. Unequal distribution of income in the capitalist world: There was a problem of unequal distribution of income and wealth among the capitalists in the world due to the extent that, the industrial workers who were the buyers of manufactured goods were paid very low wages by their employers, hence this situation has brought difficult to the workers to buy for manufactured goods due to the low purchasing power, hence this situation contributed to the problem of over concentration of goods in the markets which resulted in to great economic depression.
5. Collapse of New york stock exchange: The stock exchanges, are the places where businessmen sell and buy their shares. However the USA stock exchanges collapsed down due to over production of goods which brought price fluctuations. Therefore this situation made businessmen to pull out from trade and others decided to withdrew their money from banks, hence the emergence of great economic depression.
6. Failure of businessmen to pay banks loans: traders who borrowed loans for trading activities were failed to pay back their loans hence resulted in to the close of banks.
7. Nature of the capitalist economy: Economists believe that depression was inevitable because anycapitalist economy has to pass four phases, which are cyclic. Boom, Crisis, Depression and Recovery. Therefore, its nature is what driven it to depression
IMPACTS OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION IN THE COLONIES
The great depression in the colonies has various social, political and economic impacts in the colonies
1. Decline of prices of raw materials in the colonies.
2. It leads to the decline of international trade.
3. It leads to the reduction of workers.
4. It brought intensive exploitation in the colonies.
5. It lead to the establishment of processing industries in the colonies, this include import substitution industries.
6. Increase of poor living condition in the colonies.
7. It brought massive unemployment: Due to reduction of workers.
MEASURES TAKEN BY METROPOLITAN TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF GED
1. Establishment of peasantry agriculture: Peasants were allowed to grow cash crops such as sisal, cotton, coffee, Tea, etc.
2. Establishment of import substitution industries, so as to expand markets in the colonies.
3. Improvement of colonial education: So as to increase the rate of skilled labour
4. Improvement of infrastructure: For the aim of facilitating transportation in the colonies
5. Improvement of commerce and trade.
6. Improvement of mining sector.
7. Creation of labor zones e.g. kigoma, Tabora, Mpanda, etc in Tanganyika: The aim at to ensure constant supply of labour to colonial economic sectors.
8. Improvement of infrastructure in the colonies.
C. THE SECOND WORLD WAR (WWII) 1939-1945
The Second World War: was the second military confrontation fought among imperialistic nations. It was fought by two military camps which were axis power which comprises Germany, Italy and Japan against allied power which comprises Britain France and Russia supported by USA.
CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (WWII)
The second world war like the first world war it was caused by both long term and short term factors.
A. SHORT TERM CAUSES
1. Japanese attack on Manchuria: in the year 1931 Japan are invaded the part of China (Manchuria) and created a new state called Manchukuo. Unfortunately the league of nation did not punish Japan for her aggression and in 1933 Japan decided to quit the league of Nations. The silence of the league of Nations sparkled terrorism ambitions among fascist nations
2. Ethiopia crisis in 1935, Benito Musolin of Italy invaded Ethiopia: This attempt was contrary to the United Nations charter which required all members to settle their differences through it. Further more Italy with drew from the league of Nations in order to prepare military for the second world war.
3. Hitler ’ s aggressive policies: since 1930 ’ s Hitler began to violet the versatile peace treat agreement which accused her to be causative of the first world war and in 1933 German withdrew from the league of Nations ad continued with her aggression of invading other other nations in order to create stronger German and expansion her territories. In 1939 she occupied Czechoslovakia and Poland hence the outbreak of the second world war.
4. Russo- Germany Non-Aggression policy: In 1939, Russia suddenly signed a non aggression treaty with German that feed Hitler from the danger of the two front wars and agreed to divide East European area particularly Poland between them. This East European area particularly Poland between them. This Strengthened Hitler ’ s demand upon Poland.
5. Hitler ’ s ultimatum to Poland: Hitler demanded Germany control of a strip of land across the polish corridor, which separated east Prussia from the main part of German when Poland refused these demands, Hitler declared war Poland on September 19391.
B: LONG TERM CAUSES
1. Impacts of Versailles peace treaty in1919: The Versailles treaty of 1919 was not fair to some capitalist powers such as Germany and his members like Italy and Japan after been forced to pay war reparations of about 6'600 millions USA dollars, loss of colonies and practicing disarmament. Thus, this has made Germany and his members to act opposites against the treaty through rapid re-armament and manufacturing of mass destructive and dangerous weapons which resulted in to the emergence of the second world war.
2. Failure of league of nation 1920: It has failed to promote and protect the peace and security in the world by punishing the aggressive countries like Germany, Japan and Italy. Example: Japan was invaded Manchuria in 1931, Italy was invaded Ethiopia in 1935 while Germany was invaded Poland in 1939.
3. The impact of great economic depression in 1930s: The great economic depression has affected the imperialist economy, hence by doing efforts of reviving their lost economy some nations has developed much on militarism aiming at performing expansionism and acquisition of territories. E.g Germany was invaded Poland while Japan invaded Manchuria.
4. Formation of military alliances: The imperialist nations had again formed military alliances which were hostility against each other. However these were allied power which comprised Britain, France Rassia supported by USA and Axis force which comprised Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Japan. However these two military alliances were antagonistic each other hence has led to the outbreak of the world war two.
5. Militarism and arms races: Many big nation engaged on serious manufacturing of dead and destructive weapons of both nuclear and atomic bombs. However this has gone hand in hand with armament, hence increase in tentions and hostile among the big powers which resulted in to the world war two.
6. The outbreak of dictatorship in Italy, Germany and Japan: after the rise of Fascism in Italy under the Benito Mussolini, Nazism in Germany under the Adolf Hitler and Fascism in Japan under Hirohito, Hideki Tojo in 1933's has contributed to the failure of league of nations through serious manufacturing of dangerous weapons accompanied with strong expansionism policy, hence the outbreak of the second world war. Example Japan was invaded Manchuria in 1931, Italy was invaded Ethiopia in 1935 while Germany was invaded Poland in 1939.
7. The Spanish civil war: By the1936 Spain has spread the alement of dictatorship as the the impact of fascism in Italy. Therefore this has necessitated the outbreak betweenn the Spain government supported by allied power such as great Britain, France and Russia against the non-governmental group which supported by the dictatorship nations like Germany, Italy, and Japan. Hence the rise of the second world war.
8. Failure of appeasement policy: This was the policy adopted and practiced by Britain and France that they should not engage in the war with aggressive countries like Germany and Italy. However this policy contributed to the emergence of the war because Britain and France they failed to avoid German and Italy from angaging manufacturing of weapons and expansionisionism polcy. Example by the 1939 Germany invaded Poland.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF VERSAILLES TREATY TO THE EMERGENCE OF WWII
The verseilles treaty of 1919 contributed to the outbreak of the second world war through the following harsh terms /conditions imposed by big powers over the Germany and his members which were very biiter to them and resulted Germany and his members decided to act negatively against the terms of Versailles treaty. Hence the versailles treaty contributed to the emergence of the second world war through the following reasons:-
i. Militarism and armraces.
ii. Emergence of dictatorship.
iii. Formation of military alliances.
iv. Expansionism policy.
v. Emergence of enmities.
NB: USA joined the second world war in 1944 hence he supported members of allied powers (Britain, France and Russia) to defeat Germany and his members (Axis force).
FACTORS FOR THE SPREAD OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (WWII) WORLD-WIDE
The Second World War spread worldwide through the following ways
1. Involvement of African in the war it has made the war to spread in Africa.
2. Involvement of Asia in the war it has made the war to spread in Asia.
3. Engagement of USA in the war it has made the war to spread in America.
4. Outbreak of dictatorship it has made the war to spread.
THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (WWII)
The second world war ended by defeat of Germany and his members of Axis powers in 1945. However the Victorian nations (Britain, France, Russian and USA) meet at Potsdam Germany to discuss the situation of world peace.
Potsdam conference has led to the division Germany in two Western part which was given to USA under capitalist ideology and Eastern part was given to USSR under socialist ideology, because Germany was regarded as the war initiator. However it has contributed to the formation of UNO as the international organization formed to protect the world peace and security.
IMPACT OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (WWII) IN EUROPE
The Second World War in Europe has brought various social, political and economic impacts such as,
1. Formation of united nation organization (UNO) in 1945: This was the international organization which was formed by the big power nations so that protect the world peace and security.
2. Emergence of cold war: The impact of the second world war has led to the outbreak of ideological tention between Western block (U.S.A) under the capitalist ideilogy and eastern block (U.S.S.R) under the communist ideology, hence these two block are antagonistic each other.
3. Emergence of marshal plan in 1949: This was USA economic program formed to provide assistance to the western European countries which affected by the second world war.
4. Partition of Germany in to two parts: Germany was divided by big powers during the Potsdam conference in 1945, the western part was given to USA and Eastern part was given to USSR.
5. Decline of European imperialism: The war contributed to the decline of European powers due to destruction of European economy.
6. Emergence of debts crisis to the war fighters: The war ended up by creating heavy debts to the European nations from USA.
7. Destruction of properties: The war contributed to the destruction of properties such as roads, railways, industries,
8. Emergence of USA and USSR as the new economic super powers in the world: The second world war has led the the rise of USA and USSR as new world super powers.
9. Death of people: many people were lost their lives due to war. Example: in Germany about 3.25 million people lost life, in USSR about 3 million people, Japan about 1.5 million people, Britain about 40000 people lost lives, and about 167000 people in France lost their lives.
EFFECT OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (WWII) IN THE COLONIES
1. Intensive exploitation of African resources: The colonial powers had intensified exploitation of African resources through payment of low wages, long working hours, land alienation, due to quickly need to revival their lost economy among the imperialism powers.
2. Development African nationalism: this was the result of returning by exsoldiers, intensive exploitation, decline of European powers, and impact of colonial education.
3. Spread of socialist and capitalist ideologies in the colonies: The second world war has led the spread socialist and capitalist ideology in the colonies due to the supporting of decolonization processes in the colonies.
4. Formation of non aligned movement (NAM): This was the organization formed by the hhird world countries (Asia and Africa) in 1955 which aim at being neutral refrain from suppoirting either capitalism or communism. The NAM was formed to support decolonization processes in the colonies both in African and Asian colonies.
5. Depopulation in the colonies: due to death caused by the war.
6. Emergence of ex-soldiers: The war has led to the emergence of war returners in the colonies who went to assist their colonial masters e.g. Dedan Kimathi of Kenya.
6. It has brought changes in colonial economy: colonial powers were made several changes in the colonies as the means of economic reforms. Example establishment of progressive master farmers, introduction of import substitution industries, introduction agricultural development schemes, improvement of infrastructures, improvement of labour sectors, improvement of colonial education etc.
7. It has led to the emergence of trusteeship colonies: However all colonies which were put under British supervision from the league of nation after the second world war those colonies were changed and come to be known as Trusteeship colonies. Example of Trusteeship colonies were, Tanganyika, Togo, Rwanda, Burundi, Namibia, and other many colonies.
CONCLUSION
The war ended in 1945 after the drop two nuclear bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki by USA. Benito Mussolin was overthrown in April 1945 and he was killed marked the end of the second world war in Italy.
The Germany leader (Adolf Hitler killed him self with his wife at the same month (April 1945) marked the end the of the second world war in Germany. However Japan was still fighting and she could not surrender until the atomic bombs dropped by USA at Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6/August/1945.
GUIDING QUESTIONS
1. Elaborate six causes of the Second World War in 1939s.
2. Discuss six impacts of the first world war in the colonies.
3. By giving four points show how African were involved in the first world war in 1914
4. Why did the USA entered in the first word war in 1917?
5. Discuss six factors for inevitability of the first world war in 1914's.-1918.
6. Explain four factors for the spread of the first world war world wide.
7. Examine six causes of the great economic depression in 1929s.
8. Assess six measures taken by colonialists to revive their lost economy after the state of emergency in 1930's.
9. By giving six points discuss in details the practicability of the second world war in the colonies.
10. Critically assess the consequences of the Second World War in the colonies.
11. Examine various ways which made the Second World War to spread worldwide
