CHANGES IN POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
What is independence?
Independence: Is the state of being free in all aspects of life that is social political and economic aspects. Normally soon after many African countries attained their political independence decided to change their economic, social, and administrative ideologies
REASONS FOR CHANGING OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
1. To promote unity and solidarity: Immediately after the independence most African countries were dominated by several elements of disunity which include regionalism, regionalism, tribalism and ethnicity hence ideological and administrative changes become posdible. Example some countries like Tanganyika (Tanzania) opted mono party system by the 1965 in order to promote unity among people.
2. To eliminates social problems: Most African countries decided to change social, economic, igeological and administrative system in order to solve social problems like poverty , diseases and ignorance which become serious problems faced most African countries since independence.
3. To promote equality: Ideological and administrative changes was motivated by high need of promoting equality since the past inherited colonial administrative system could not treat people equally.
4. To promotes employment opportunities: Administrative changes were effected in order to organize the government pots and civil service so as to provide employment to Africans hence to get money to afford basic needs.
5 The influence of external countries: Some changes in social political and ideologies were direct influence from the developed countries like Russia, China, Korea which contributed to the emergence of socialism in African especially by the 1960's.
6. To promote democracy: Changes were needed to promote full citizen oarticipation, promotion of human rights, elimination of selfishness and corrupt leaders.
7. To remove neo colonialism: Most African countries after independence decided to change their administrative system and ideologies inboder to eradicate neo colonialism which pose intensive exploitation to the African countries.
PROBLEMS FACING AFRICA COUNTRIES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
African countries since gained their political independence faced number of problems which include both social, political and economic problems.
A. POLITICAL PROBLEMS FACING AFRICA COUNTRIES SINCE INDEPENDENCE
The following are some of the political problems hindering the development of Africa after independence:-
1. Tribalism: this contributed to the political animosity in a number of countries due to the feeling that some communities have been side lined by governments in favor of their own tribesmen. Tribalism in Africa can be attributed to a number of factors such as language which have been used as a dividing line between one ethnic community and another.
2. Political irritability to many African countries: which attributed with some factors including disputes over electoral outcomes in the country such as Ivory coast where alas sane Ouattra and Gbagbo force fought in 2011, disputes over land resources, sharing of government positions.
3. The borders conflicts: colonial borders have contributed the political problems in Africa. This includes the inter-boundary wars. Eg. In the 1970 Ethiopia and Somalia fought over the Ogden region, while Nigeria and Cameroon were involved in a boundary dispute over the Bakazi region, Tanzania and Uganda in 1978.
4. The prolonged civil wars: which attributed by Tribalism in different countries example serious political divisions in countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Tribalism has led to civil wars displacement of populations from their settlements and even deaths'.
5. The problem of regionalism: this has been contributed to political problem in many African countries for example Sudan, some parts of the country have experienced faster development than other areas, thus creating disunity.
6. Existence of dictatorship government: Most government's in Africa until the 1990 were characterized with single party rule these problems in Africa stemmed from the need of political leaders to avoid political competition, especially during the early years of independence.
Many such regimes became corrupt and authoritarian and refused to allow other leaders any offence of participating in governance. This situation gave rise to the struggle for multiparty government in the 1990 in countries such as Zambia, Kenya nad Mali.
SOLUTIONS TO THE POLITICAL PROBLEMS FACING AFRICA COUNTRIES
1. Creation of good governance with transparency.
2. Increase trained African man powers.
3. Decentralization of power.
4. Adoption of different ideologies such as capitalism and socialism.
5. Introduction of nonparty system.
6. Sharing of power.
7. Eradicating neo-colonialism
B. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FACING AFRICAN COUNTRIES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1. Poor industrial base: Technologically Africans has no strong industrial base hence they still depend from manufactured goods from developed countries and produce raw materials for European industries.
3. Poor agricultural development: Agricultural sector in Africa was still poor depended from low technology. Since the independence African countries left with past inherited colonial agricultural system based on monoculture which cannot meet the demands of African and resulted in to shortage of food supply.
4. Low value of currencies: Many African countries after the independence their currencies were disvalued by the developed countries through the influence of neo colonialism as the condition from Structural adjustment program (SAPs).
5. Poor infrastructures: African countries left with poor Infrastructures which were not distributed equally in their countries since the colonial powers constructed these infrastructures with respect to their objectives. Hence African countries were not connected well with Road, Railway, and Airport.
6. Low level of science and technology: After independence African countries depebdcon importing technology from the developed countries where experts like engineers, doctors are imported from the developed countries with very expensive thing which limit rapid development in Africa.
7. Dependent economy: The nature of economy among the African countries since independence based on import and export in nature. Moreover African countries depending much from the assistance in terms of aid and loans from the developed countries due to low production and income.
8. External debts: There is increase in external debt among the African countries since independence due to dependency economy since most African countries depending much from the assistance intems of aid and loans from the developed countries which resulted in to increase in debt crisis.
9. Regional imbalance: Normally there variation intems of development among the African countries since the colonial powers encouraged development to the most productive areas only.
SOLUTIONS/STRATEGIES FOR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FACING AFRICA COUNTRIES
1. Introduction of national building campaigns: Various campaigns were established by some African countries to promote national development. Example: Harambee in Kenya, Feed yourself in Ghana, economic for self reliance in Tanzania.
2. Nationalization of land: The owned by the colonial government were nationalized and distributed to citizen for the production purpose.
3. Improvement of infrastructure: After independence most Africans countries like Tanzania decided to improve infrastructure in order to boost different economic sectors like mining, agriculture, trade and industrial sectors.
Example: In Tanzania the central railway line (TAZARA) were constructed to connect Tanzania and Zambia. Moreover by this time there is construction of standard Gauge Railway (SGR) and improvement of old railways as well as construction of new roads and improvement of old roads and improvement of water transport as well as air transport and expansion of communication networks.
4. Improvement of agricultural production: Agricultural sector as the backbone of most African economy were improved by investing capital, training professional labours and formulating good policies. Example: Kilimo kwanza in Tanzania
5. Establishment of different development schemes: Different development schemes were established in Africa soon after independence for the aim of establishing different productive projects for economic development. Example: Chilalu agricultural Development Unit (CADU) in Ethiopia, Lilogwe Land Development Programme (LLDP) in Malawi, The Special Rural development Programme (SRDP) in Kenya and Intensive Development Zone (IDZ) in Zambia. In Tanzania Three -and Five years of national development were introduced for the aim of promoting national development.
6. Formation of economic integration: Different economic groups were established by some African countries after the independence in oder to promote cooperation in promoting economic development. Example: E.A.C, ECOWAS, COMESA, SADC, OAU and AU.
7. Improvement of industrial sector: The industrial sector was also improved among the African countries since independence for the aim of avoiding over depend from the developed countries intems of importing manufactured goods from these countries. Example: In Tanzania various processing industries and Textile industries were established. These include Kwanza Textile industry (MWATEX), Musoma Textile industry (MUTEX), Cigarette, Company Limited (T.C.C) in 1961, Wazo Hill Cement company which was established in 1966 to produce and sell cement in the country.
C. SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Some of the social problems hindering development in Africa after independence:-
1. The problems of illiteracy It mainly results from lack of equal resources allocation in a country, although some parts of Africa illiteracy could also be attributed to some of the cultural traditions of the people. Failure of the government to build schools and provide other infrastructures such as roads and water resources for some communities has made it difficult for some children to access schooling.
2. Insecurity: this made difficult for children to go to school. For example in the northern part of Kenya, schools are chosed from time to time due to insecurity near the Somali border.
3. Diseases: this have been another challenge in the continent some of the serious diseases that affect African people include Malaria, dysentery, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, among others. However, property and ignorance have also contributed to the spreads of diseases example, women contract HIV/AIDS due to unprotected sex especially among commercial sex workers.
4. Poor sanitation: this have been the cause of diseases such as dysentery such diseases have had a very negative effect on the continent. This includes rendering families destitute upon the death of the breadwinner. Besides, a lot of money is spent by families to treat such ailments.
5. Serious religious difference The religious different have divided the country for example, in Nigeria and Sudan this problem has led to war while some of the Islamic Law in some parts of the country others have rejected such calls. This has therefore intensified conflict in such countries.
6. Existence of tibalism: After independence Africa had problems of tribalism that is many Africans were disunited and separated basing on tribal differences.
7. Poverty: ,After independence and current, many African countries and its people were poor despite of plenty/richness of natural resources.
8. Poor provision of social services: After independence African countries had no good access of social service such as health centers, education, water, housing etc. as a result of poor provision of social services by colonial government.
9. Ignorance: After independence Africans were ignorant/illiterate due to poor education provided by colonialist hence African countries had to change their social policies to solve that problem.
10. Natural calamities drought, floods.
11. Religious conflicts. E.g Sudan, somalia, Nigeria, etc.
SOLUTIONS TO THE SOCIAL PROBLEMS
1. Improvement of national culture.
2. Improvement of educational system.
3. Improvement of national social security system e.g in Tanzania we have NHIF, NSSF, LPF, PPF etc.
4. Eradication of corruption. E.g TAKUKURU in Tanzania.
5. Eradication of regionalism.
6. Avoiding tribalism and ethnicity.
7. Avoiding religious conflicts.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY
Political instability: Refers to the situation whereby the existing government face severe challenges hence fail to function in a efficient way.
CAUSES OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY
1. Tribalism. E.g Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, etc.
2. Existence of dictatorship government. Rwanda, Burundi, Angola, Uganda etc.
3. Regionalism. E.g Sudan, etc.
4. Existence of neo-colonialism.
5. Unequal distribution of national resources.
6. Existence of prolonged civil war. E.g. Somalia, Congo etc.
7. Economic hardship.
8. Boundary conflicts. E.g.Tanzania and Uganda in 1978.
IDEOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
INTRODUCTION OF MONO PARTY SYSTE
Mono party system: is the situation where by in the country is allowed only one political party to exist. Normally Tanzania was a nonparty country since 1965 to 1992.
REASONS FOR INTRODUCTION OF MONO PARTY SYSTEM
1. To promote national unity: The Tanzanian government adopted single part system so a to encourage unity in the country since the multiparty system could divide people in to different classes.
2. To build national economy: Tanzania was opted mono party system because it is cheap then it is aimed at consolidating national economy since multiparty system is very expensive. This is due to fact that, the process of having many political parties in the country consume a lot of resources for ensuring winning the general election.
3. To create political stability: Tanzania and other countries soon after independence decided to adopt mono party system so as to avoid political instability, hence mono party system encourage good peace and harmony in the country.
4. To eradicate imperialism/neo-colonialism: Most African countries soon after attained their political independence decided to opt mono party system so as to avoid neo-colonialism which pose intensive exploitation of African resources through free trade economy by dominating the world market, privatization and democratization processes.
5. Low political awareness: Tanzania like other African countries after independence become backward on political issues, this has made J. K. Nyerere to decide to opt mono party system because he was discovered that, most people were not aware politics, therefore the allowing this could harm the national unity by brings a lot of problems.
6. To avoid chance of criticism from opposition parties: The major function of opposition parties in the country is to rise critics over the ruling party, hence Tanzania decided to opt mono party system so as to avoid challenges from opposition parties.
7. The influence of other socialist states: The introduction of mono party system in Tanzania was the direct consequence from the external pressure posed by socialist countries like Russia, China, Cuba, and Northern Korea.
8. To preserves African tradition: The first president of Tanganyika K K. Nyerere believed that, the use of single party system is like to protect African traditional practices because they had never developed multiparty system.
TRANSITION FROM MONO PARTY SYSTEM TO MULTIPARTY SYSTEM/ DECLINE OF SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM IN AFRICA
Multiparty system: is the situation by which in the country is allowed more than one political party to exist. Normally, Tanzania was a multiparty country since 1992.
REASONS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION FROM MONO PARTY SYSTEM TO THE MULTIPARTY SYSTEM
However by the early of 1990’s Tanzania and other African countries started to experince waves of transformation from the single party system to multiparty system due to the influence of both internal and external factors.
A. INTERNAL/DOMESTIC FACTORS
1. Weakness of mono party system: The mono party system has proved failure to bring national development. Mono party system under the socialist ideology it has discouraged the sence of competition among people since it discouraged private ownership. Therefore the government decided to introduce multiparty system so as to bring rapid development.
2. To avoid dictatorship elements: Normally the single party system encourages dictatorship government, hence people had already realized that the shingle party system dinied the Democratic principles like freedom of expression and freedom of choice moreover mono party system avoid government transparency.
3. The influence of elite class: The increase in number of elites in the countries has posed high challenge over the mono party system, because these elites had become aware to realize the weakness of single part system in the country. These elites were such as Tanzania law societies (TLS) and the University of Dar es salaam academic staff assembly (UDASA).
4. The impact of economic crisis: There was a big economic problem hit most African countries by the 1973's caused by different factors like long term drought which resulted in to poor agriculture production and other factors like oil crisis which resulted from middle east conflicts. However this problem has posed life difficulties to many African countries particularly Tanzania which resulted in to adoption of multiparty system so as to have access to assistance from the developed countries.
5. The influence of Nyalali commission: Normally by the 1991, the president of united republic of Tanzania Ali Hassan Mwinyi, allowed Nyalali Francis to investigate views from people on the whole issues of democratic waves in the country. However Nyalali established commission called Nyalali commission hence this commission proved that, about 80% of Tanzania still need to proceed with single party system while about 20% proposed democracy. However this feedback has made the president Ali Hassan Mwinyi to declare multiparty system by the 1992.
B: EXTERNAL/INTERNATIONAL FACTORS
1. The collapse of united Soviet socialist republic (USSR): After the decline of Soviet Union in Russia has maked the end of socialism internationally and its practices which resulted in to many countries to withdrew from mono party system and opt multiparty system.
2. The influence of donor countries: The developed countries like Britain, USA, France had posed high pressure over the African countries to adopt multiparty system as the principle of getting easy assistance from those countries.
3. Pressure from the world institutions: The international monetary fund (IMF) and world bank (WB) pressured more African countries to adopt multiparty system as the condition of getting finance aid and assistance from the institutions, hence this led to adoption of multiparty system.
4. The influence of UNO: The united nation organization pressured more African countries like Tanzania to adopt multiparty system so as to increase the observation of human rights, since mono party system discouraged human rights.
WEAKNESS OF THE SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM
1. It encouraged dictatorship government: due to lack of competition in politics i.e. only few people in the country dominate decision making without allowing any critics.
2. It avoid transparency: Lack of enough checks and balance on government and so encouraging management and corruption.
3 Led to abuse of power.
4. Suppress diversity of opinion which endangers development.
MILITARY COUP D'ETA'TES
Military coup d’état’s: refers to the form of government where by soldiers or military take control over the state rather than be elected by citizens. Example of African countries experienced military coup deta'te include, Somalia, Angola, Uganda, etc
REASONS FOR MILITARY COUP D'ETATS
1. Failure of existing government to function effectively.
2. Colonial legacy.
3. Corruption.
4. Lack of national unity.
5. The policy of divine and rule.
6. Military base. E.g Somalia
7. Regionalism.
8. Prolonged civil war. E.g Congo, Somalia.
PROBLEMS/FORCES/FACTORS HINDERING DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Since independence nationalistic leaders (heads of states) of post independent African countries such as late JK. Nyerere, Kwame Nkrumah, Nandi Azikiwe, Jomo Kenyatta etc
tried their level best to bring social, economu and political unity but still there are some factors which hinder the attainment of development which are categorized in both internal and external factors.
A. INTERNAL FACTOS/CHALLENGES
1. Different political ideologies: Ideologies of African countries are not the same due to the effect of colonial rule for example some countries in Africa apply capitalist ideology including Kenya while others socialist ideology hence hinder political unity and development at large especially in regional integration.
2. Different political priorities: African countries after independence to date do not have the same social, political or economic priorities because each country faced different challenges, for example Tanganyika priority were fighting against poverty, ignorance, disease, bring development.
3. Poverty: Many African countries still experienced poor economy depended from external donors as result fail to unite people.
4. Civil wars: There were no peace and harmony in most African countries since some countries are dominated by prolonged civil wars. Example: Congo, Angola, Sierra Leone, Somalia.
5. Tribalism: tribalism in most of Africans countries was still a problem because Africans separated themselves basing on tribal differences. Example: Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, etc.
6. Religious conflict. In some of African countries there were religious conflicts between Muslims against Christians hence hindered political unity example Nigeria Boko haram, in Somalia sasa weed, Somalia.
7. Poor leadership and dictatorship government: Some African leaders are selfish and corrupt hence world for their benefits rather than working for the benefits of national interests. Hence this lower both economic, social and political development in African countries. Some African leaders and government do not exercise democracy, do corrupt, and do not observe rule of law and good governance hence hinder political unity for. Example: Liberia, Zimbabwe, Sudan, and Somalia etc.
8. Poor infrastructures: African countries left with poor Infrastructures which were not distributed equally in their countries since the colonial powers constructed these infrastructures with respect to their objectives. Hence African countries were not connected well with Road, Railway, and Airport.
9. Low level of science and technology: After independence African countries depebdcon importing technology from the developed countries where experts like engineers, doctors are imported from the developed countries with very expensive thing which limit rapid development in Africa.
10. Dependent economy: The nature of economy among the African countries since independence based on import and export in nature. Moreover African countries depending much from the assistance intems of aid and loans from the developed countries due to low production and income.
11. Regional imbalance: Normally there variation intems of development among the African countries since the colonial powers encouraged development to the most productive areas only.
12. Eruption of diseases: Eruption of some diseases in the country like covid19, HIV/AIDS, EBOLA, DENGUE, etc increase government expenditure for fighting against diseases which also lower development.
13. Natura disasters/calamities: Natural harzads like floods, earthquake and drought hit African countries by the 1980's broght shortage food supply and emergence of famine and hunger and also these natura calamities pose burden to the government which later ydermine development.
14. Low and poor education: African countries still use past inherited colonial education which is usually cannot promote positive impact to the society on promoting national development instead focusing on studying irrelevant issues which cannot promote innovation to the learners.
15. Poor development policies and plans: Most African countries the under development problem is caused by poor planning and poor policies. Most development policies are less implemented.
B. EXTERNAL FORCES/PROBLEMS
1. External debts: There is increase in external debt among the African countries since independence due to dependency economy since most African countries depending much from the assistance intems of aid and loans from the developed countries which resulted in to increase in debt crisis.
2. The influence of neo colonialism: Neocolonialism pose intensive exploitation over the developing African countries under the conditions influenced by Structural adjustment programs like free trade economy, fixing prices of goods in the markets, democratization, provision of loans, devaluation of local currencies and privatization which resulting in to under development.
STRATEGIES/STEPS TAKEN BY AFRICAN COUNTRIES TO ADDRESS THEIR POST COLONIAL INHERITED PROBLEMS
1. Introduction of national building campaigns: Various campaigns were established by some African countries to promote national development. Example: Harambee in Kenya, Feed yourself in Ghana, economic for self reliance in Tanzania.
2. Nationalization of land: The owned by the colonial government were nationalized and distributed to citizen for the production purpose.
3. Improvement of infrastructure: After independence most Africans countries like Tanzania decided to improve infrastructure in order to boost different economic sectors like mining, agriculture, trade and industrial sectors. Example:
In Tanzania the central railway line (TAZARA) were constructed to connect Tanzania and Zambia. Moreover by this time there is construction of standard Gauge Railway (SGR) and improvement of old railways as well as construction of new roads and improvement of old roads and improvement of water transport as well as air transport and expansion of communication networks.
4. Improvement of agricultural production: Agricultural sector as the backbone of most African economy were improved by investing capital, training professional labours and formulating good policies. Example: Kilimo kwanza in Tanzania.
5. Establishment of different development schemes: Different development schemes were established in Africa soon after independence for the aim of establishing different productive projects for economic development. Example: Chilalu agricultural Development Unit (CADU) in Ethiopia, Lilogwe Land Development Programme (LLDP) in Malawi, The Special Rural development Programme (SRDP) in Kenya and Intensive Development Zone (IDZ) in Zambia. In Tanzania Three -and Five years of national development wereintroduced for the aim of promoting national development.
6. Formation of economic integration: Different economic groups were established by some African countries after the independence in oder to promote cooperation in promoting economic development. Example: E.A.C, ECOWAS, COMESA, SADC, OAU and AU.
7. Improvement of industrial sector: The industrial sector was also improved among the African countries since independence for the aim of avoiding over depend from the developed countries intems of importing manufactured goods from these countries. Example: In Tanzania various processing industries and Textile industries were
established. These include Kwanza Textile industry (MWATEX), Musoma Textile industry (MUTEX), Cigarette, Company Limited (T.C.C) in 1961, Wazo Hill Cement company which was established in 1966 to produce and sell cement in the country.
8. Introduction of multipartism, in order to provide an opportunity fir citizens multipartism, in order to provide an opportunity for citizens to compete in the political arena. This also helps in making the governments more accountable as the opposition operates as a watch dog.
9. Expansion of power generation: Aimed at promoting industrialization and eliminating poverty. The construction of another dam by Uganda and the establishment of the sondumiriu electric electric project in Kenya are some of the steps taken towards the direction.
10. Encouraging external investors: Most countries have welcomed the developed countries in the world to partner with them in order to promote development especially in areas such as mineral prospecting. Uganda, Sudan and Ghana have discovered of through such ventures, while Tanzania discovered substantial quantities of gold. Kenya has also partnered with Chinese investors in road construction.
11. Increasing revenue collection: The African government have also stream lined efforts in revenue collection in order to become economically strong and to avoid economic dependency on foreign countries. This has been done through the establishment of revenue- collecting bodies such as the Tanzania Revenue Authority the Uganda Revenue Authority and the Kenya Revenue Authority
STRENGTHS OF THE ECONOMIC POLICIES ADOPTED SINCE INDEPENDENCE
The following are some of the strengths of the economic policies and strategies adopted since independence:-
1. The African public were trained so that they could take part in development. Some Africans public servants in various fields.
2. The economic strategies and policies led to the expansion of industrialization in the continent, as careful economic planning was done with a view to improving the economies.
3. There were improved infrastructures such as roads, railways and ports which were established in many African countries.
4. Many socialist countries achieved some measures of economic independence in particular Tanzania under Julius K. Nyerere and Ghana under Nkrumah advocates self sufficiency in food production.
5. Many African people were mobilized to participate in development projects for example The Ujamaavillages policies were useful in enhancing mobilization.
WEAKNESS OF ECONOMIC STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY AFRICAN CONTRIES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1. Africanization of Public positions was accompanied by corruption. This led to in efficiency as the new public officers were not well acquainted with administrative responsibilities.
2. The civil servants fighted against the interference with their work by politicians. For example there were many instances where unauthorized use of fund was done for purposes of building political constituencies..
3. The implementation of agricultural strategies was hampered by the fact that some of the settlement schemes were established in marginal land while other were created away from infrastructure such as roads, railways.
4. The bureaucratic administrative machinery was mainly modeled on the institutions of the metropolis tan countries, and it was expensive to run and difficult to staff without the assistance of expatriate staff.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ECONOMIC POLICIES ADOPTED BY AFRICAN COUNTRIES SINCE INDEPENDENCE
The following are some of the contributions of the economic strategies and policies adopted since independence.
1. Development in infrastructure was experienced, for example in Tanzania, a new railway line was established that connected the country to Zambia.
2. Fast economic growth was realized in some countries. Agricultural production increased due to the need to produce more cash crops for export, industrial raw materials and food self-sufficiency.
3. New industries were established, the new industries were established and also dams were opened for supplying hydro electric power.
4. Employment opportunities the foreign investment created more employment opportunities for the people. Especially in capitalist economies such as Kenya and Ivory coast.
5. It was easy for individuals to work hard and accumulate wealth in African countries.
CHANGES IN SOCIAL SERVICES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
A). EDUCATION
OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1. To promotes self-reliance: social justice, national unity, economic development, equity and scientific literacy.
2. To promotes African culture: to enhence African cultural values that the colonial education had neglected.
3. To eradicate racialism in the education.
4. To eradicate dependency: the objectives were to eradicate dependency on the colonial masters on the all spheres of life.
5. To reduce illiteracy to African societies.
6. To create self awareness to African.
FEATURES OF EDUCATION AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1. It dominated by religious organization: Religious organizations and communities continued to sponsor and run the schools even after independence.
2. Training of local staff and post- secondary teaching staff: Therefore much effort was made to infuse the African values and local patterns of life to the education system.
3. Many Africans emphasize great effort to acquire academic education as during colonialism, Africans were usually provided with vocal training due to the prevailing racial discrimination.
4. University education was emphasized: given that there were fewer than one hundred Tanzanians with University degrees by 1960. After independence in 1961 University of Dar es salaam was started with a view to achieving self- sufficiency in line with the policy of socialism. In 1963, the University of Dar essalaam, Makerere University College of Nairobi were merged to form university of East Africa.
5. continuous using structure of colonial education: since they had to study how to structure their education system due to the shortage of local skilled personnel, Africans government concentrated resources on the expansion of Secondary and higher education. Enrolment in higher education in East Africa increased.
B). PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES
OBJECTIVES OF PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES
1. To expand modern health facilities for Africans citizens.
2. To increase living standard to African people.
3. To reduce and remove the high infant morality rate and high material death rate during child labour.
4. To remove racial discrimination in the provision of health services through promoting health to citizens.
5. To eradicates dangerous diseases like polio, chorela, maralia, typhoid, etc.
6. To increase life expectancy to Africans.
FEATURES OF HEALTH SERVICES IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1. Through Ujamaa villages, health services were improved a large group of people were able to receive services from one centre.
2. The 5- years development plan, ( 1964- 1969) Tanzania’s ambitions to improve health services in rural areas which benefited many people and support for preventive rather than curative aspects of health services.
3. The government recognized the values of medical auxiliaries after Arusha Declaration. Health services were provided free of charge due to the introduction of socialism until 1980’s other agencies charged a small amount for health services.
4. During 1970’s and the 1980’s Tanzania received a lot of aid towards promotion of health services. After economic crisis, progress in health care was undermined by lack of enough financial allocation. As the result, user charges were introduced in government hospitals.
STHRENGTHS OF PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1. Provision of free health services, enable many Africans to get health services they really needed.
2. None Africans have now been trained to take charge of health sector in their particular countries medical doctors, nurses and other care givers were trained. This enable individual countries to have their own expert therefore reduced dependency on expatriate personnel.
3. Provision of vaccines has enabled countries to eradicate many epidemic diseases existed in Africa for a long time such as polio and measles.
4. Establishment of health practitioners training institutions including medical training centres and universities.
5. Infant morality has reduced dramatically in most African count.
6. Alternative medicine has now been adopted in a number of African countries to tackle health.
C). PROVISON OF WATER SERVICES
Availability of clean water in Africa can not ignored due to it’s importance. In order to improve health care in the world clean water is very important. Good sanitation cannot be available in the absence of clean and reliable water supply.
OBJECTIVEZ OF PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY IN AFRICA AFRTER INDEPENDENCE
1. To improve provision of clean water and reliable to all citizens.
2. To provide clean and reliable water supplies to the citizens so as to improve the standard of living.
3. To improve sanitation level in the countries.
4. To provide more equitable distribution of infrastructures in the countries.
5. To ensure good health of citizens due to the availability of clean water.
WEAKNESS IN PROVISION OF WATER SERVICES
1. Enough financial resources to provide health services was a problem to most countries.
2. Poor planning and lack of resources has affected provision of infrastructure including clean water and transport.
3. Due to failure to research on local traditional medicines has led African governments to spend a lot of resources in buying medicines from other part of the world.
4. Medical services are also undermined by number of incurable diseases such as HIV and AID, Diabetes and Cancer. Heart ailment have increased in Africa and have also contributed to the rising costs of providing health and medical services in the continent.
5. Lack of enough well- trained personel as many Africans as man Africans were neglected to be trained during the colonial period. In some African countries a high level of corruption has led to the sale of government funded medicines at a throw away to unscrupulosis business people. This caused great suffering among the population.
6. International drug manufacturers promoted the Western Approach to medicines due to their self- interests. Africans were encouraged to use powdered milk for infants, although they can not guaranteed access to safe water.
D. PROVISION OF HOUSING SERVICES IN TZ. AFTER INDEPENDENCE
REASONS FOR PROVISION OF WATER SERVICES IN TZ AFTER INDEPENDENCE
The following are some of the objectives of provision of housing services in Africa after independence.
1. To establish modern housing for Africans: The establishment of modern housing was due to the promises made by politicians during the struggle for independence thus helped to promote standards of living.
2. To promote sanitation for the benefit of the citizens: Majority of African citizen were ensured sanitation.
3. To eradicate racial discrimination: after independence the people of African were supposed to eradicate racial discrimination.
4. To promote better planning in urban centres: in order to enhance development.
5. To provide enough accommodation spaces for the and do away with slums especially in urban centres.
THE NATURE OF HOUSING SERVICES AFTER THE INDEPENDENCE IN TANZAIA
The most of the patterns of housing distribution after independence were:-
1. The best houses have been located in urban centres: urban centres such as Dar essalaam, Harare, Mombasa as well as Nairobi.
2. The best houses are owned by European and Asian communities. Although we got the political independence in the 1960’s but most of the African communities occupy the poorly constructed houses.
3. There were increased of population in the urban centres: after independence the population were increased in the cities such as Dar essalaam, Nairobi.
4. They used local materials to construct houses in the village ( rural areas)
5. The tall buildings mark the main urban centres such as the cities of skys carpers.
STEPS TAKEN BY TANZANIA GOVERNMENT ON DISTRIBUTING HOUSING SERVICES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
The following are some of the steps taken to change the colonial pattern of distribution of housing after independence.
1. The government controlled land allocation in the country. All free hold land reverted to government ownership and previous owner were expected to pay rent to the government.
2. The government used the control of building and land strategy so as to alleviate pressure on urban housing and community services. The government established the National Housing corporation ( NHC) whose mission was to provide housing needs through financing as well as other associated services in the country.
3. The government of Tanzania did not have a systematic policy on how to deal with the
challenges of urban growth. The African population in the urban centres growing rapidly rather than at the villages.
4. The government of Tanzania emphasized on the need to make use of low –cost materials for construction purposes so as to provide housing for more people, rather than following international standards blindly.
CHALLEGES FACING THE GOVERNMENT IN PROVISION OF HOUSING SERVICES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
There are some challenges facing the provision of housing services after independence such as:-
1. Lack of adequate human resources for instances there were few number of qualified town planners in the country who could help to plan and implement the desired programmes in most countries.
2. The increase in squatter settlements in most countries like Kenya and Tanzania after independence. This was mainly due to the fast rise in population expansion especially among the youth.
3. There was corruption and bias in funds allocation consequently, more tax payer’s money was used to fund establishment of better housing for the middle class in society and less funds were allocated for the housing of the poor.
4. Most beneficiaries of the new housing schemes were unable to pay their rents to the NHC there by under mining its efficiency in both Tanzania and Kenya.
5. The bias in the implementation of the projects. This leading to the low income earners getting disadvantages at the project implementation stage by giving priority to the middle income earners.
ESTABLISHMENT NATIONAL MILITARY AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
Armed force: is coercive apparatus or administrative machinery which established in the country so that facilitate administrative activities. African government have a responsibility to safeguard the national security of their people. During the past this task was done by the colonial powers, through the use of their local forces, where there was need to maintain either internal security or to safeguard their possessions from external security threats.
After independence, African governments established their own armed forces and police for the purposes of ensuring security. Example of armed forces established in Tanzania since independence are such, Tanzania Army, Tanzania Air Army, Tanzania Navy.
FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL ARMED FORCE AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
The following are some of the objectives of establishing national armed forces.
1. To promote internal security as well as integrity.
2. To protect the country from external attacks. Example during the war between Tanzania against Idd Amin Dada in Uganda.
3. To participate in national building activities: Example the Tanzania armed forces participated in peace keeping in Congo DRC, Sierra Leone, Lebanon, Liberia, Somalia and so on.
4. To provide assistance during national emergencies.
5. To supports international peace and security.
6. The Navy Army ensure patrol of Tanzania's territories especially in sea and lake invasions. Example Navy army patrol lake Victoria, lake Tanganyika, Lake Nyasa and Indian ocean.
7. The armed forces used to entertain people: especially during the public holidays, such as independence day, (on December each year) union day and so on.
STRENGTHS OF MILITARY FORCE
Some of the strengths of national military forces in Africa after independence are:-
1. It preserve internal peace: military forces have assisted in the preservation of internal security for example this was witnessed during the attempted coup d’etat in Kenya in 1982.
2. To assist the foreign countries in peace keeping: forces have taken part in peace keeping missions such as the United Nations peace keeping operations in different parts of the world. Such as Rwanda, Sierra leone,Lebanon.
3. Military forces have safeguarded the national security of African countries from external aggression for example the Tanzania military force took part in the military campaign against the forces military force took part in the military campaign against the forces of Idd Amin of Uganda in 1978.
4. The naval forces played a role in detecting and fighting off criminals who use water masses to commit crimes. For example these includes the Somalia pirates done along the India oceans.
5. Military personel have been enrolled in higher education institution and have improved their image while relating with members of the public.
THE POLICE FORCE
Soon after African countries attained their political freedom decided to established police forces. Example in Tanzania there are regular police traffic police, National security intelligence services, General service unit, criminal investigations unit, police air wing and so on.
FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL POLICE FORCES
1. To maintain laws and orders of the state: to arrest all law breakers such as thieves and other criminals.
2. To detect and prevent criminals in the societies: police forces investigate crimes and arrest suspected criminals.
3. They helps in traffic control on the tlroads: they ensure that traffic rules are followed and checked.
4. They provide emergency services such as floods or fire outbreak.
5. They participate in national building activities, such build and road construction.
6. They maintain peace and security in the country: the national intelligence services unity ensure peace and security to the societies.
7. The police forces used to entertain people especially during the public holidays, such as independence day, (on December each year) union day and so on.
THE NATIONAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
Legal institutions: Aeinstitutions which etablished by Afeican since independence which deal with legal matters. Normally the legal matters in the countries are under the judiciary control which is one of three principal organs of the government. These are institutions that ensures the administration of justice through the courts of law. These institutions ensures that law and order is preserved without denying anyone his or her rights in the society.
OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
Some of the objectives of the national legal institutions are:-
1. To settle disputes among different parties.
2. To guarantee rule of law for all citizens.
3. To assist in the development of the laws.
4. To protect the constitution.
5. To administer justice in the country.
6. To swear in senior members of government such as the Prime Ministers and Presidents.
FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
The following are some of the functions of the national legal institutions:-
1. To maintain peace and security:Those violating the rights and freedoms of others are sentenced accordingly.
2. To settle legal disputes between individuals: aim at protecting the constitution and freedom of individuals.
3. They helps in the development of laws: the legal institutions helps in the administration of justice by interpreting the law. However, they spell out what penalties should be meted out to offenders and amount to be compensated to the offended party.
4. They protect the national constitutions: by ensuring that everything in the country is done within the constitutional provisions in each country.
5. They administer the arrangement of properties: they appoint guardians to administer the declined properties such industries, banks.
6. They punish law breakers: it normally done by considering what laws say. Some people required to pay fines while others have to be imprisoned.
STRENGTHS OF NATIONAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
The following are the strength of national legal institutions:-
1. Many professionals have been trained as legal officers in different countries.
2. They based on the equality of all the parties and ensure that there is fairness.
3. The African legal institution system is flexible and embraces some of the traditional methods of conflict resolution.
4. The national legal system benefit from international practices and tradition.
5. They helped to reduce the back log of genocide trials in Rwanda, as it uses community courts to try thousands of suspects eg. The Gachacha courts in Rwanda has helped to reduce backlog of genocide trials.
WEAKNESS OF NATIONAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
The following are some of the weaknesses of the national legal institutions.
1. Some senior members of the executive have interfered with the work of legal institutions, there by undermining administration of justice in many African states.
2. Illiteracy and ignorance of the citizens has also hampered the efficiency in the administration of justice in many African state weaknesses of the national legal institutions.
3. Legal systems in some African countries have been complicated due to insistence by leaders on the need to establish kadhi courts to handle some issues effecting citizens who profess the Islamic faith.
4. Some of the cultural traditions have interfered with the operation of the legal institutions some cultural traditions are interfere with legal institutions as communities apply cultural methods of administration of justice some of which contradict the official legal institutions, such as traditional forms of compensation avenging crime among clans.
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GUIDING QUESTIONS
1. Examine six causes of military coup deta'ts in most African countries since 1961's.
2. Discuss six factors behind the pitfall of single party system among the African countries since 1992.
3. Elaborate in six points the steps taken by African countries to promote ecomic changes since 1960's.
4. Assess six post colonial inherited problems facing African countries since the independence.
5. Critically examine six (6) conditions necessitated changing the political, ideological and administrative systems among the African countries after independence.
6. In six points explain the main causes of political instability to the third world countries.
7. Why some African countries adopted mono party system soon after independence.
8. Discuss six motives behind the shifting from multiparty system to mono party system among the African countries like Tanzania since independence.
9. Elaborate six challenges hindering political unity among the African countries since independence.
10. Critically elaborate six factors limiting the development among the African countries since independence.
11. By giving six points elaborate various strategies taken by African countries since independence to solve their post colonial inherited problems.
12. Elaborate in six points the steps taken by African countries to promote economic development since 1960's.
