AFRICA By David Diop (Senegal)
Africa my Africa
Africa of proud warriors in the ancestral savannahs Africa of whom my grandmother sings
On the banks of the distant river I have never known you
But your blood flows in my veins
Your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields The blood of your sweat
The sweat of your work The work of your slavery
The slavery of your children Africa tell me Africa
Is this you this back that is bent
This back that breaks under the weight of humiliation This back trembling with red scars
And saying yes to the whip under the midday sun But a grave voice answers me
Impetuous son that tree young and strong That tree there
In splendid loneliness amidst white and faded flowers That is Africa your Africa
That grows again patiently obstinately And its fruit gradually acquires
The bitter taste of liberty.
INTRODUCTION
This poem is written by David Diop - A Black African who was born in France in 1927. His father was from Senegal and his mother from Cameroon and he grew up in France and West Africa aware of both cultures and traditions. He was deeply concerned by the question of independence from colonial rule. This poem is a dramatic monologue where the speaker seems to be in conversation with Africa. The poem can be thematically divided into three parts; pre- colonial Africa, colonial Africa and post-colonial Africa.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
COLONIAL TORTURE AND EXPLOITATION
There are evidences of torture and exploitation in the poem due to the fact that the poet expresses how the sweat of Africans was lost in vain.
The blood of your sweat He sweat of your work
All this was done at a time when Africans were turned into slaves and worked for their masters without any benefit.
The work of your slavery The slavery of your children
OPPRESSION AND HUMILIATION
Oppression and humiliation were common practices in colonial times. They were used to force Africans to work for colonisers without objection. This has left scars to Africa that we still depend on them even when they seem to mistreat us.
This back that breaks under the weight of humiliation This back trembling with red scars
And saying yes to the whip under the midday sun
IDENTITY AND AWARENESS
The poet however seems to be aware of his identity as black African. Although he grew up in France, he shows that black blood flows in his veins, which is to say he is still an African regardless of where he grew up.
I have never known you
But your blood flows in my veins
The voice that answers Diop sums up his African identity.
Impetuous son that tree young and strong That tree there
In splendid loneliness amidst white and faded flowers That is Africa your Africa.
EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM
The poet concludes his poem by showing the effects that colonialism had on the African continent. Nevertheless, he seems to be optimistic that at least Africa is growing up again just like a young tree.
That is Africa your Africa
That grows again patiently obstinately
GUIDING QUESTIONS
What is the poem about?
The poem is about the effects colonialism has had on Africa. It traces the history of pre-colonial Africa, then shows the torture that Africans underwent in colonialism and how Africa is starting afresh like a young tree.
What type of poem is this?
It is a free verse/modern poem as it doesn’t follow all the strict rules for writing poems. There are variations in the length of verses in the poem
What does the symbol ‘that tree young and strong” suggest?
First of all, the symbol refers to Africa. It suggests that after colonialism Africa began to grow up again just as a young tree.
Why do the fruits acquire a bitter taste of liberty? Why does liberty taste bitter?
The fruits acquire a bitter taste because liberation of the oppressed is not a simple thing. It needs sacrifice and determination. Some people lose their lives in the process. So in such a case liberty is never sweet but bitter memories.
What is the tone of the poem?
The tone changes from the beginning, it is happy, in the middle it becomes sad. This makes the tone nostalgic and the mood becomes optimistic.
Why does the poet say that “black blood flows in his veins”?
Black blood in this poem symbolises African nature as there is no blood that is black in colour. So, he shows that although he grew up in France, he is still aware of his African identity.
How have the past effects of colonialism shaped Africa's present?
The socio-political and economic state of Africa today was seriously affected during colonial times. So, Africa was paralysed and is just starting afresh as a young tree while the colonisers are well off.
POETIC DEVICES
Anadiplosis
The repetition in which the last expression of one statement becomes the first expression in the following statement:
The blood of your sweat The sweat of your work The work of your slavery
The slavery of your children
Rhetorical question
A question that does not need a reply.
E.g. Is that you this back that is bent
Symbolism
'Scars’, ‘whip’ and ‘blood’ stand for the torture that Africans went through in colonial time.
Black blood symbolises African identity
Imagery
Gustatory imagery:
• Bitter taste of liberty Thermal imagery:
• The sweat of your work
Personification
The poet addresses Africa as though it is a human being and has blood that flows, and can sweat
But a grave voice answers me. Your beautiful black blood The sweat of your work
Is this you this back that is bent
Alliteration
Repetition of similar consonant sounds at the beginning of consecutive words.
• You beautiful black blood
Reiteration
The repetition of a word in a verse for the second time mainly for emphasis.
E.g. Africa my Africa.
Exaggeration
E.g., "Your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields." There is no blood enough to irrigate the fields.
Anaphora
• Africa my Africa
• Africa of proud warriors in the ancestral savannahs
• Africa of whom my grandmother sings
MESSAGE
• Colonialism paralysed Africa so it is up to us to build again.
• We must know our identity as Africans, where we come from, where we are and what we need to do to get where we are going.
• We have to work hard to bring about development in Africa.
• We must fight against the oppression of the proletariat class.
RELEVANCE
• The poem is relevant as it discusses the issues facing post-colonial Africa.
• The current economic status of the present Africa was badly damaged during colonialism.
• There are many economic policies adopted in an attempt to recover the economy of African countries.
• Oppression and humiliation are still common in Post-colonial Africa.
