IF WE MUST DIE By Claude McKay
If we must die, let it not be like hogs Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot,
While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs, Making their mock at our accursèd lot.
If we must die, O let us nobly die,
So that our precious blood may not be shed In vain; then even the monsters we defy
Shall be constrained to honor us though dead! O kinsmen! we must meet the common foe!
Though far outnumbered let us show us brave,
And for their thousand blows deal one death-blow! What though before us lies the open grave?
Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack,
Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!
INTRODUCTION
Claude McKay was born in 1890 in Jamaica. He went to Kansas to study agriculture at the time when the Ku Klux Klan was highly active. He was therefore forced to move to New York in 1914. In 1919 Washington DC Newspaper gave stories of an alleged (suspected) sexual assault that was
said to be committed by an African American. The stories sparked (caused) a series of twenty riots during the summer of 1919, beginning with White Lynch Mob (murderous group) that targeted blacks in Washington.
There were 28 public lynching (killings) in the first half of the year and the following summer and fall came to be known as “The Red Summer” of 1919. This was the motivation behind McKay’s “If We Must Die”. He wrote the poem amid the violence and bloodshed of 1919, and in this poem, he encourages his community to take action and fight back.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
SACRIFICE
In the fight against oppression, sacrifice is a valuable commodity. Few People need to sacrifice their lives so that the majority may live in peace. In this poem the poet (McKay) calls for actions against the enemy (foe). However, he shows that the struggle may mean death. But if they must die, it is better to die fighting so that they may be honoured later than dying while doing nothing. He says:
If we must die, o let us nobly die
So that our precious blood may not be shed
In vain! …
HUMILIATION/TORTURE/OPPRESSION
The poet and his fellow kinsmen go through a series of torture and mistreatment from their enemy. They are arrested with no reason, jailed and killed like pigs. This is a situation which affected most African Americans in the time of racial injustice in America and when “Jim Crow Laws” were in effect. The poet shows the experience they are going through by saying;
If we must die, let it not be like hogs Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot. While round us bark the mad and angry dogs
DEATH
Due to this politically charged situation death at least seems the best thing to help a person sort out what is important in life. The speaker speaks about death in a more practical sense - he is actually facing it. It is not the question of whether he will die or what will happen when he dies, it is about how he will meet death. To him death is an opportunity to show strength, nobility and purpose.
If we must die, o let us nobly die
So that our precious blood may not be shed In vain; then the monsters we defy
Shall be constrained to honor us though dead.
AWARENESS
The persona is aware that they are oppressed by their white counterparts. He is also aware that whether they fight or not they are bound to die one day. So, it is noble to die fighting than to die doing nothing. For him if they die fighting, their enemies will honour them although they are dead.
What though before us lies the open grave?
Like men we’ll face the murderous cowardly pack
Pressed to the wall dying but fighting back
GUIDING QUESTIONS
What is the poem about?
The poem is about the torture, humiliation and oppression the people of African origin were suffering in America and their determination to fight back. The poet shows that it is noble to die fighting against your enemy than to die doing nothing because after all we are bound to die someday whether we fight or not.
What type of poem is this?
It is a sonnet. It is made up of only one stanza with 14 verses.
Comment on the rhyming scheme
The poem has a regular rhyming scheme that goes; ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.
What is the tone and mood of the poem/poet?
The tone is serious and angry and it creates the hatred mood towards the oppressor.
Who is the persona? How do you know?
The persona is a black American who is oppressed, humiliated and persecuted. We know this from the history of the poet and the fact that blacks were hunted, penned (locked in small cells) and killed like hogs (pigs) in America.
If we must die, let it not be like hogs Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot. While round us bark the mad and angry dogs
What sufferings does the person experience?
They are hunted (arrested), penned (locked in small cells) with angry and mad dogs guarding them, and they are killed without fair trial.
Is the persona afraid of death? Give reasons to justify your answer
The persona is surely not afraid of death. The reasons for this are;
• When you die fighting people will honour you. i.e. it is noble to die fighting. “let us
nobly die”
• Whether he fights or not, he is bound to die someday. “What though before us lies an open grave?”
POETIC DEVICES
Rhetorical question
What though before us lies an open grave?”
Metaphor
He compares the enemy/oppressors with the monsters. ‘The monsters we defy’ and “murderous cowardly pack”
Images
The poet paints the pictures of:
• Hogs (pigs) = pigs are killed mercilessly so they should not die the same death.
• Barking mad and angry dogs = this is the picture of the oppressor who guards the Blacks not to escape from punishment.
Symbolism
“An open grave” symbolises death. Which is to say whether we fight or not death is there
waiting for us. Death is the ultimate finality of human life.
‘Blood’ is a symbol for sacrifice
Repetition
The phrase “If we must die” is repeated for emphasis.
Hyperbole
“For their thousand blows”
Simile
If we must die, let it not be like hogs
Satire/Irony
The poet mocks both the enemy and himself. “Like men we’ll face the murderous cowardly pack.” He mocks the oppressor that he is a coward like a group of wolves. But how can someone cowardly press you to the wall dying. He shows that he is himself weak/inferior to the enemy. Also shows that the enemy is capable of dealing a thousand death blows but he can deal only one.
The poet calls his enemy “the murderous cowardly pack” what does that mean?
A pack is a group of dogs or wolves hunting together. He compares the oppressors as a cowardly pack because the Whites were hunting Africans in notorious mobs and not individually. This shows that they were cowards as well.
To whom is the speaker talking?
The speaker calls for action from his fellow kinsmen (the oppressed) or more specifically Black- Americans.
“Oh Kinsmen! We must meet our common foe”
Is the poem relevant today?
• The poem is still relevant because oppression, injustice and racial prejudice are still prevalent in different parts of the world.
• Awareness, sacrifice and determination are still needed when it comes to fighting for our rights.
• Also, it is very true that those who died fighting during this period of racial injustice in America are honoured until now in the history of America. Think of Martin Luther King Jr, and Malcolm X.
